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گردشگری جنگ: تحلیل کیفی سفر راهیان نور به مناطق عملیاتی | ||
| برنامه ریزی و توسعه گردشگری | ||
| مقاله 6، دوره 5، شماره 17، شهریور 1395، صفحه 97-114 اصل مقاله (619.28 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: علمی-پژوهشی | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| نادر رازقی* 1؛ علی اصغر فیروزجائیان1؛ پرویز شریفی مقدم2؛ بهزاد هاشمیان2 | ||
| 1استادیار گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه مازندران | ||
| 2دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد مطالعات جوانان، دانشگاه مازندران | ||
| تاریخ دریافت: 26 مرداد 1394، تاریخ بازنگری: 23 دی 1394، تاریخ پذیرش: 10 شهریور 1395 | ||
| چکیده | ||
| جنگ از جمله رخدادهای مهم و سرنوشت ساز در تاریخ هر جامعه ای است که دارای پیامدهای منفی و مثبت است. هرچند در نگاه اول همه جنگ ها هزینه های مختلف و جبران ناپذیری را به همراه خواهند داشت، اما بعد از رخداد و پایان جنگ، می توان تحلیلی مثبت از آثار جنگ ارائه داد. جنگ ها بخصوص وقتی ویژگی دفاعی به خود می گیرند ارزش های مثبتی را تولید یا بازتولید می کنند. که این ارزش ها در حافظه جمعی ماندگار و به شیوه های مختلف به نسل های بعد انتقال می یابند. در سال های اخیر در کشور ما سفرهای راهیان نور جهت بازدید از مناطق جنگی شکل گرفته است که افراد زیادی بخصوص جوانان را به خود جلب کرده است. بر این اساس، سئوال اصلی این پژوهش این است که انگیزه افراد شرکت کننده در این سفرها چیست؟ و تجربه این نوع سفرها چه تاثیری در افراد برجای خواهد گذاشت؟ این مطالعه با روش تحقیق کیفی و استراتژی گراندد تئوری انجام پذیرفته است. داده های تحقیق از طریق مصاحبه های عمیق جمع آوری شد. جامعه مطالعاتی این پژوهش 18 نفر از دانشجویان دانشگاه پیام نور پیرانشهر، که تجربه شرکت در این نوع سفرها را داشته اند، بوده است. حجم نمونه پس از انجام این تعداد مصاحبه به اشباع نظری رسیده است. نتایج حاصل از کد گذاری چند گانه منجر به شکل گیری مدل نظری تحقیق با محوریت مفهوم گردشگری جنگ شده است. یافته های حاصل از تحقیق نشان می دهد که: تجربه سفر راهیان نور از طریق انتقال ارزش های جنگ به نسل جدید، موجب شکل گیری یا بازتولید حافظه فردی و جمعی مثبت از جنگ در جامعه خواهد شد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| گردشکری جنگ؛ راهیان نور؛ حافظه جمعی؛ انتقال ارزشها؛ روش تحقیق کیفی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| War Tourism: A Qualitative Analysis of Rahiyan Noor Trips to War Areas | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Nader Razeghi1؛ Ali Asghar Firozjaeyan1؛ Parviz Sharifi Moghadam2؛ Behzad Hashemiyan2 | ||
| 1Assistant Professor of Sociology, University of Mazandaran | ||
| 2MA Student in Youth Study, University of Mazandaran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Extended Abstract War is one of the most important events in the history of every society that might have negative or positive consequences. Although at first glance, the costs of war may be irreparable, after the war, a positive analysis of the consequences of war can be presented. Especially when war is defensive, it would produce or reproduce positive values which remain in collective memory and are transferred to the next generation in many ways. In recent years, in our country, Rahiyan Noor trips have been organized for visits to war areas attracting many people, especially young ones. At this point, some questions are raised: "what is the motivation behind these trips?" and "what effects will the experiences of these trips leave on individuals?" This study used qualitative research methods and the strategy of Grounded Theory, a general research method used to generate theories. The research data were collected through open, in-depth interviews. The population of the study consisted of 18 students from Payame Noor University of Piranshahr, who had experience of Rahiyan Noor trips. They were selected through theoretical and purposive sampling methods. The size of the sample was determined when theoretical saturation was reached in the interviews. The results arising from multiple coding led to the formation of a theoretical model with “war tourism” as the main concept. The results show that the experiences of Rahiyan Noor trips will help form and reproduce positive individual and collective memory of the war through transferring war values to the next generations. Introduction War is one of the most important events in the history of every society that might have negative or positive consequences. Although at first glance, the costs of war may be irreparable, after the war, a positive analysis of the consequences of war can be presented. Especially when war is defensive, it would produce or reproduce positive values which remain in collective memory and are transferred to the next generation in many ways. One of the specific types of tourism, which in recent decades has been of interest to tourists and planners, is war tourism. This type of tourism was attracted to, for the first time, by Western countries years ago and was manifested in the forms of visiting the monuments and vestiges left after the First and the Second World War. The main axes of this type of tourism are the preservation of the effects of war and transfer of the concepts and values of the society in time of war to future generations. Eight years of sacred defense, as an honorable, glorious, and epic event, has been recorded in the collective memory. Sacred Defense has had a significant role in the construction of social realities of today's society whether in terms of formal or informal rules and norms or in terms of the representations of collective behavior such as values, ideals, and myths. Thus, in the years after the imposed war, various programs have been implemented by different institutions to promote and preserve the values and ideals of the war. One of these programs is Rahiyan e Noor Trips (light-bound trips) to visit the war zones. At this point, some questions are raised: "what is the motivation behind these trips?" and "what effects will the experiences of these trips leave on individuals?" Methods This study used qualitative research methods and the strategy of Grounded Theory, a general research method used to generate theories. The research data were collected through open, in-depth interviews. The population of the study consisted of 18 students from Payame Noor University of Piranshahr, who had experience of Rahiyan Noor trips. They were selected through theoretical and purposive sampling methods. The size of the sample was determined when theoretical saturation was reached in the interviews. The research data were analyzed using coding at the three levels of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. Results and Discussion The results arising from multiple coding led to the formation of a theoretical model with “war and self-development tourism” as the main concept. The results show that the experiences of Rahiyan Noor trips will help form and reproduce positive individual and collective memory of the war through transferring war values to the next generations. Therefore, it can be argued that eight years of sacred defense created an atmosphere in which many moral concepts such as sacrifice, martyrdom, believe in God, Freedom, love, unity, courage, and perseverance that can be effective in the infrastructure of the cultural and political system of any country, can be interpreted. Memories of the sacred defense and its spiritual atmosphere have social bases. Rituals, rites, commemoration, and remembrance which provide for remembering war memories are shared with others. War and self-development tourism is not just a normal trip but also one of the most effective methods of transferring the values and experiences of the last generation to the next generation and a means of promoting the culture of martyrdom among young people and future generations. In fact, the experience of Rahyian Noor Tip helps enhance the collective memory of the war for the present generation. Thus, a sense of interaction is formed where the last generations’ experiences are transferred to the next generation which would eventually lead to the formation of a common collective memory of the war based on the supreme values of the war period. Keywords: War Tourism, Rahiyan Noor Trips, Collective Memory, Transferring Values, Qualitative Method. References Abia, H. and Khani, M. (2013). Influence of Soft Power of Rahiyan Noor, Soft Power, 7: 9-26. (In Persian) Armed Forces General Staff of the Islamic Republic of Iran, (2000), Instructions of Rahiyan Noor to South and the West Country. (In Persian) Devine-Wright, P. (2003). A Theoretical Overview of Memory and Conflict, in Ed Cairns and Mícheál D. Roe (eds), The Role of Memory in Ethnic Conflicts, New York: McMillan: 9-33. Farzbod, M. (2015). Iranian Collective Memory and Identity, unpublished manuscript. (In Persian) Ghaed Ali H. and Latifi, M. (2015). The Paradigmatic Pattern of Rahiyan Noor Camps (Data-Oriented Inductive Reasoning from the Supreme Leader's Perspective), Journal of Cultural Guardianship of the Islamic Revolution, 3(10): 1-28. (In Persian) Hajinejad, A., Javdan, M. and Sabzi, B. (2013). Strategic Planning for Developing war Tourism Linked with other Attractions in Ilam Province, Tourism Management Study, 8(22): 101-136. Halbwachs, M. (1992). On Collective Memory, Trans by: Lewis A. Coser, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Hall, M.C. (2006). Travel and Journeying on the Sea of Faith, Edited by Dallen J. Timothy and Daniel H. Olsenin, Tourism, Religion and Spiritual Journeys, Routledge London. Jedlowski, P. (2001). Memory and Sociology: Themes and Issues, Time & Society, 10(1): 29–44. Karimi, A. (2013). Collective Memory and Identification Process, Some Policy Reflections, National Studies, 14(2): 3-26. (In Persian) Karimi-Poor, Y. and Kamran, H. (2002). A Statistical Analysis about Martyrs of War, Geographical Research, 16-17(1-4): 259-269. (In Persian) KazemianFar, F. (2014). Introduction to Science and Holy defence (Iran–Iraq War), Tehran; Kheradmandan Publishing. (In Persian) Ketabi, N. (2012). Rhahian Noor and Identity of Sacred defence, Journal of Payam-e Enghelab (45): 20-19. (In Persian) Khateri, S. (2010). Battlefield Tourism around the World and Its Lessons for Promoting Culture of Peace, Tehran; Aftab of Graphic Publishing. Knoblauch, H. (2005). Introduction to Sociology of Knowledge, translated to Persian by Rasekh K., Nai Publishing. Mahmoudzadeh, S.M., Mirhashemi, A. and Mir Mostafa Anbarforoush, F. (2014). Identifying and Prioritizing the Push and Pull Factors As Motivational Factors That Affect The Development of War Tourism, Journal of Tourism Planning and Development, 3(9): 110-129. (In Persian) Marc Howard, R. (2010). Collective Memory and How the Present Shapes the Past: A Philadelphia Story about George Washington and Slavery, presentation at the Canadian Political Science Association Meeting, Concordia University. Massoudi, H. and Noghani, M. (2014). The Effects of Rahyan Noor Tour (Visiting War Fronts) on the Cognitive-Behavioural Attitudes of the University Students toward Martyrdom (Panel Study), Biquarterly Journal of Islamic Education, 8(17): 123-144. (In Persian) Mistzal, B. (2003). Theories of Social Remembering, London: Open University Press. Mousavi Khomeini, R. (2008). Sahifeh-ye Imam: an Anthology of Imam Khomeini’s Speeches, Messages, Interviews, Decrees, Religious Permissions and Letters, Tehran , Institute for Compilation and Publication of Imam Khomeini Works. Neuman, W.L. (2006). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, Boston; Pearson/A and B. Rezvani, M. (2008). Rural Tourism Development (Sustainable Tourism Approach), Tehran: University of Tehran Publication. (In Persian) Sabokbar H., Baghiani H. and Nouraei, H. (2012). The Role of War Tourism in Improvement of Quality of Life In Urban War Areas of Khuzestan Province Using Topsis Method, Spatial Planning, 1(2): 82-94. (In Persian) Schwartz, B. (2000). Abraham Lincoln and the Forge of National Memory, Chicago; Chicago University Press Schwartz, B. and Kim, M. (2010). North-East Asia’s Difficult Past, Essays in Collective memory, Basingstoke ⁄ New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Smith, V.L. (1998). War and Tourism: an American Ethnography, Annals of Tourism Research, 25(1): 202-227. Sohrabi M. and Zargham Boroujeni H., (2013). Recognizing the Achievements of Domestic Tourists Visiting War Zones (Profit -Oriented Approach), Semi-Annually Journal of Islamic Management, 21(1): 147-167. (In Persian) Strauss, A. and Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques, Newbury Park; Sage. Vosoughi, L. (2010). Dark Tourism (with focus on War Tourism), Tourism Studies Quarterly Journal, (10): 105-127. (In Persian) Zargham Boroujeni, H. and Sohrabi, M. (2014). The Typology of Iranian Battlefields' Visitors and its Role in Transmission of Persistence Culture in the Imposed War, 4(2): 75-101. (In Persian) | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| War Tourism, Rahiyan Noor Trips, Collective Memory, Transferring Values, Qualitative Method | ||
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آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 3,431 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 3,921 |
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