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حیدری, زهرا, بدری, سید علی, سلمانی, محمد. (1395). نگرش جامعه محلی نسبت به مخاطرات ادراک شده توسعه گردشگری کشاورزی (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان تنکابن). پژوهشنامه مدیریت اجرایی, 5(18), 8-32.
زهرا حیدری; سید علی بدری; محمد سلمانی. "نگرش جامعه محلی نسبت به مخاطرات ادراک شده توسعه گردشگری کشاورزی (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان تنکابن)". پژوهشنامه مدیریت اجرایی, 5, 18, 1395, 8-32.
حیدری, زهرا, بدری, سید علی, سلمانی, محمد. (1395). 'نگرش جامعه محلی نسبت به مخاطرات ادراک شده توسعه گردشگری کشاورزی (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان تنکابن)', پژوهشنامه مدیریت اجرایی, 5(18), pp. 8-32.
حیدری, زهرا, بدری, سید علی, سلمانی, محمد. نگرش جامعه محلی نسبت به مخاطرات ادراک شده توسعه گردشگری کشاورزی (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان تنکابن). پژوهشنامه مدیریت اجرایی, 1395; 5(18): 8-32.

نگرش جامعه محلی نسبت به مخاطرات ادراک شده توسعه گردشگری کشاورزی (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان تنکابن)

برنامه ریزی و توسعه گردشگری
مقاله 1، دوره 5، شماره 18، آذر 1395، صفحه 8-32    اصل مقاله (805.41 K)
نوع مقاله: علمی-پژوهشی
نویسندگان
زهرا حیدری1؛ سید علی بدری* 2؛ محمد سلمانی2
1دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی دانشگاه تهران
2دانشیار گروه جغرافیای انسانی دانشگاه تهران
تاریخ دریافت: 21 اسفند 1394،  تاریخ بازنگری: 06 آبان 1395،  تاریخ پذیرش: 13 آذر 1395 
چکیده
فعالیت­های گردشگری کشاورزی به عنوان فعالیت مکمل کشاورزی یکی از راهکارهای توسعه و احیای کشاورزی مناطق مختلف کشور محسوب می­ شوند اما با توجه به وجود ریسک در ابعاد مختلف اقتصادی، اجتماعی، طبیعی و روان‌شناختی که به عنوان تهدیدی بر فعالیت­های کشاورزی و در پی آن گردشگری کشاورزی است، بررسی و درک آنها ضرورت می­ یابد. هدف از این پژوهش شناخت ریسک­ های اثرگذار بر فعالیت­ های کشاورزی و ارائه پیشنهاداتی در راستای تعدیل آن­ها است. منطقه مورد مطالعه نواحی روستایی حوضه رودخانه شیرود شهرستان تنکابن است که ساکنان آن به فعالیت­ های کشاورزی اشتغال داشته و منطقه از ظرفیت­ های لازم برای ایجاد و توسعه گردشگری کشاورزی برخوردار است. روش تحقیق در این پژوهش، کاربردی و از نظر ماهیت، توصیفی- تحلیلی از نوع علی است. جامعه آماری تحقیق را کشاورزان 7 روستای منتخب در حوضه رودخانه شیرود از بخش مرکزی شهرستان تنکابن تشکیل می­ دهند. معیار انتخاب روستاها به روش تخمینی و بر اساس شناخت محقق بوده و نیز برای انتخاب جامعه نمونه تحقیق (کشاورزان) از روش کوکران استفاده شده­ است. ابزار میدانی تحقیق پرسشنامه محقق ساخت است که بر اساس مبانی نظری و تجارب موفق علمی منتشر شده، تهیه شده و اطلاعات با استفاده از مدل­ های آماری مرتبط با هدف و نوع داده­ ها، پردازش شده­ است. یافته های تحقیق نشان می­ دهد که با توجه به نگرش پاسخگویان به میزان اثرگذاری ریسک­ های ادراک شده بر تمایل به توسعه گردشگری کشاورزی، ریسک های اقتصادی، ریسک­ های تولید و بازار، ریسک­ های طبیعی، ریسک­ های اجتماعی- فرهنگی و ریسک­ های سیاسی- نهادی به ترتیب در درجه اول تا پنجم اثرگذاری قرار می­ گیرند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
نگرش؛ ادراک ریسک؛ توسعه گردشگری کشاورزی؛ نواحی روستایی؛ شهرستان تنکابن
عنوان مقاله [English]
The Attitude of Local Community towards the Perceived Risks of Agri-tourism Development (Case Study: The City of Tonekabon)
نویسندگان [English]
Zahra Heydari1؛ Seyed Ali Badri2؛ Mohammad Salmani2
1Ph.D. Candidate, Geography and Rural Planning, University of Tehran
2Associate Professor of Geography, University of Tehran
چکیده [English]
Extended Abstract
Introduction
In many regions of Iran, agriculture faces difficulties that are no longer sufficient in meeting the needs of the farmers. Therefore, regarding the current agricultural potentials of some of these regions in establishing and developing agricultural tourism and the subsequent influx of tourists can bring plenty of benefits to the farming community. There are, however, many risks associated with these activities which are categorized into human risks (economic, social-cultural and psychological) and natural-environmental risks which are different for each area and are also susceptible to affect peasants’ views towards tendency for acceptance and propagation of this specific type of tourism. In fact, it’s in the light of the development of agriculture that agricultural tourism emerges. Therefore, if any investments are made on villages of aforementioned areas without identification and management of these risks, there might be several negative consequences. On this basis, the main purpose of the current research is to identify the risks associated with the agriculture sector and risks that are considered as threats for villagers. It can also help to scrutinize the local society’s perception of the so-called risks that are associated with the development of agricultural tourism. The main question here is what the main existing risks towards development of agricultural tourism are.
 
Case study
The target location in this study is located on the banks of Shirood River in the city of Tonekabon. This location houses several natural attractions, farms and arboretums. It also hosts many tourists from different parts of the country. The kind of tourism that is common in this area is based on nature.
 
Materials and Methods
The current work is an applied research which uses a descriptive-analytic method. The required information is also collected through both library and field studies and main apparatus of the research is a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of this questionnaire is approved by a number of experts; moreover, the Cronbach’s alpha method was used for verification of its reliability. The statistical population of this study includes the heads of families of selected villages on the banks of Shirood River in the city of Tonekabon. By using the Cochran’s formula, a sample size that included 193 families was selected. The independent variable of this research is the farmers’ level of support for development of agricultural tourism which is influenced by dependent variables including factors of perceived risks of agricultural tourism including knowledge and awareness, tendency towards development of agricultural tourism, economic risks, social risks, natural risks, production risks and market risks as well as organizational-political risks. In order to analyze the data, SPSS software was used. And in order to collect and analyze the data, the scale of variables and descriptive statistics such as average scores and statistical analysis methods such as one sample T-test, Freedman test and Route analysis were used.
 
Discussion and Results
The findings of this research indicated the high tendency of the respondents for development of agricultural tourism. Another finding of this research demonstrated that from the viewpoint of local society, the social risk is at a suitable status and does not pose any threats for peasants. Additionally, in terms of natural risks, the findings also revealed that the risks were considerably high; it also gave a hint of an unsuitable situation in terms of agricultural productions and markets. And finally, in terms of organizational-political risks, the findings revealed that the performance of management boards of related organizations were relatively insufficient. Nevertheless, according to other findings of the current research and from the viewpoint of the respondents and in terms of the influences of the perceived risks on tendency towards development of agricultural tourism could be respectively prioritized.
 
Conclusion
And finally, even though villagers and peasants have a generally high tendency toward the development of agricultural tourism in this area, the existence of the current risks are generally considered to be serious barriers in realizing the expectations of the farmers. Moreover, as long as there is a lack of an appropriate management, not only do the farmers hold a negative view towards development of agricultural tourism, but also few facilities are provided for this type of tourism. And thus, the growth and development of agricultural tourism will only progress at a slow pace.
 
Keywords: Attitude, Perception of Risk, Agri-tourism Development, Rural Areas, Tonekabon
 
References

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Ardestani, M. (2008). Fundamentals of Rural Tourism, Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance: Printing and Publishing. Tehran (In Persian)
Baležentis, Tomas, Kriščiukaitienė, I., Baležentis, A. and Garland R. (2012). Rural tourism development in Lithuania (2003–2010) - A quantitative analysis, Tourism Management Perspectives, 2–3: 1–6.
Barry, P.J. & Baker, C.B. (1984). Financial response to risk in agriculture. In: Barry, P.J. (Ed.), Risk Management in Agriculture, Iowa State University Press, Ames, 183–198.
Brelik, A. (2011). Agri-tourism activity as example of diversification of agriculture, Oeconomia, 10(2): 19–27.
Chesky, A. (2009). Can agri-tourism save the family farm in Appalachia? A study of two historic family farms in Valle Crucis, North Carolina. Journal of Appalachian Studies, 15(1 and 2): 87-98.
Demonja, D. and Bacac, R. (2011). Agri-tourism development in Croatia, Studies in Physical Culture and Tourism, 18(4): 363-70.
Feder, G. (1980). Farm size, risk aversion and the adoption of new technology under uncertainty, Oxford Economic Papers, 32(2): 263–83.
Flanigan, S., Blackstock, K. and Hunter, C. (2014). Agritourism from the perspective of providers and visitors: a typology-based study, Tourism Management, 40: 394-405.
Fleischer, A. and Tchetchik, A. (2005). Does rural tourism benefit from agriculture?, Tourism Management, 26: 493–501.
Girdžiūtė, L.  (2012). Risks in agriculture and opportunities of their integrated evaluation, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 62: 783-790.
Gjerald, O. and Lyngstad, H. (2015). Service risk perceptions and risk management strategies in business-to-business tourism partnerships, Tourism Management Perspectives, 13: 7–17.
Haggeblade, S. and Hazell, P. (1989). Agricultural technology and non-farm growth linkages, Agricultural Economics, 3(4): 345–364.
He, Q. and Zhou, J. (2015). Soil weathering-water environment-ecological risks in Hanjiang River Basin, China, Quaternary International, Vol. 380–381: 1–8.
Huirne, R.B.M., Meuwissen, M.P.M., Hardaker, J.B. and Anderson, J.R. (2000). Risk and risk management in agriculture: an overview and empirical results, International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management, Vol. 1, (1/2): 125–136.
Leathers, H.D. and Smale, M. (1991). A Bayesian approach to explaining sequential adoption of components of a decision package, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 73(3): 734–42.
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Motiee L., S.H. and Heydari, Z. (2013). Explanation potential of agritourism on the basis of tourist‘s attitude (Case study: Baladeh, Tonekabon), Tourism Planing And Development, 1(3): 11-35 (In Persian)
Nechar, M.C., Roma´n G.M., Guerrero M.O. and Bustamante L.E.T. (2015). Endogenous practices Aculco agritourism, Mexico, based on the valuation of the cultural patrimony of their plantations (Haciendas), Tourism in Latin America, Chapter 10: 175-190.
Naidoo, P. and Sharpley, R. (2016), Local perceptions of the relative contributions of enclave tourism and agritourism to community well-being: The case of Mauritius, Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 5(1): 16-25.
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Su, B. (2011). Rural tourism in China, Tourism Management, 32: 1438-1441.
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Sharon, P., Hunter, C. and Blackstock, K. (2010). A typology for defining agritourism, Tourism Management, 31: 754–758.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
Attitude, Perception of Risk, Agri-tourism Development, Rural Areas, Tonekabon
مراجع
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  6. Baležentis, Tomas, Kriščiukaitienė, I., Baležentis, A. and Garland R. (2012). Rural tourism development in Lithuania (2003–2010) - A quantitative analysis, Tourism Management Perspectives, 2–3: 1–6.
  7. Barry, P.J. & Baker, C.B. (1984). Financial response to risk in agriculture. In: Barry, P.J. (Ed.), Risk Management in Agriculture, Iowa State University Press, Ames, 183–198.
  8. Brelik, A. (2011). Agri-tourism activity as example of diversification of agriculture, Oeconomia, 10(2): 19–27.
  9. Chesky, A. (2009). Can agri-tourism save the family farm in Appalachia? A study of two historic family farms in Valle Crucis, North Carolina. Journal of Appalachian Studies, 15(1 and 2): 87-98.
  10. Demonja, D. and Bacac, R. (2011). Agri-tourism development in Croatia, Studies in Physical Culture and Tourism, 18(4): 363-70.
  11. Feder, G. (1980). Farm size, risk aversion and the adoption of new technology under uncertainty, Oxford Economic Papers, 32(2): 263–83.
  12. Flanigan, S., Blackstock, K. and Hunter, C. (2014). Agritourism from the perspective of providers and visitors: a typology-based study, Tourism Management, 40: 394-405.
  13. Fleischer, A. and Tchetchik, A. (2005). Does rural tourism benefit from agriculture?, Tourism Management, 26: 493–501.
  14. Girdžiūtė, L.  (2012). Risks in agriculture and opportunities of their integrated evaluation, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 62: 783-790.
  15. Gjerald, O. and Lyngstad, H. (2015). Service risk perceptions and risk management strategies in business-to-business tourism partnerships, Tourism Management Perspectives, 13: 7–17.
  16. Haggeblade, S. and Hazell, P. (1989). Agricultural technology and non-farm growth linkages, Agricultural Economics, 3(4): 345–364.
  17. He, Q. and Zhou, J. (2015). Soil weathering-water environment-ecological risks in Hanjiang River Basin, China, Quaternary International, Vol. 380–381: 1–8.
  18. Huirne, R.B.M., Meuwissen, M.P.M., Hardaker, J.B. and Anderson, J.R. (2000). Risk and risk management in agriculture: an overview and empirical results, International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management, Vol. 1, (1/2): 125–136.
  19. Leathers, H.D. and Smale, M. (1991). A Bayesian approach to explaining sequential adoption of components of a decision package, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 73(3): 734–42.
  20. Luckert, M.K., Wilson, J., Adamowicz, V. and Cunningham, A.B. (2000). Household resource allocations in response to risks and returns in a communal area of Western Zimbabwe, Ecological Economics, 33(3): 383–394.
  21.  Menapace, L., Colson, Gregory and Raffaelli R. (2015). Climate change beliefs and perceptions of agricultural risks: An application of the exchangeability method, Global Environmental Change, No. 35: 70–81.
  22. Naidoo, P. and Sharpley, R. (2016), Local perceptions of the relative contributions of enclave tourism and agritourism to community well-being: The case of Mauritius, Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 5(1): 16-25.
  23. Nechar, M.C., Roma´n G.M., Guerrero M.O. and Bustamante L.E.T. (2015). Endogenous practices Aculco agritourism, Mexico, based on the valuation of the cultural patrimony of their plantations (Haciendas), Tourism in Latin America, Chapter 10: 175-190.
  24. Niedziolka, A. and Brzozowska, A. (2009). Aspects of agri-tourism management in Malopolska Voivodeship, Annals of the University of Petroşani, Economics, 9(4): 105-112.
  25. Ostling B.S. (2009). In Search of Sustainable Tourism: Green Policies and Innovations in the Fifty United States, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses.
  26. Pandey, S., Behura, D.D., Villano, R. and Naik D. (2001). Economic cost of drought and farmers’ coping mechanisms: A study of rained rice systems in eastern India (Unpublished paper). IRRI, Los Ban˜ os.
  27. Polucha, I., Omer Elkhatib, A. and Žukovskis, J. (2011). Organizational aspects of the arrangement and design of green space and infrastructure in the agri-tourism farms: the case study from North-Eastern Poland, Management theory and studies for rural business and infrastructure development, Research papers, 1(25): 200-207.
  28. Powell, R.A. and Mandeville, T.D. (1978). Analysis of sector interactions and stability in a rural region of NSW, Economic Record. 54: 239–255.
  29. Das, R., Biswa, Daniel and Rainey V. (2010). Agri-tourism in the Arkansas Delta Byways: Assessing the Economic Impacts, International Journal of Tourism Research, 12: 265–280.
  30. S. T. Hepburn, E. (2008). Agri-tourism as a viable strategy for economic diversification: A0 case study analysis of policy options for the Bahamas, to obtain for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Policy Studies, Graduate School of Clemson University, Supervisor: Dr. Robert Smith
  31. Su, B. (2011). Rural tourism in China, Tourism Management, 32: 1438-1441.
  32. Ullah, R., Jourdain, D.P., Shivakoti, G. and Dhakal, S. (2015). Managing catastrophic risks in agriculture: Simultaneous adoption of diversification and precautionary savings, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 12: 268–277.
  33. Valdivia, C. and Barbieri, C. (2014). Agri-tourism as a sustainable adaptation strategy to climate change in the Andean Altiplano, Tourism Management Perspectives, 11: 18–25.
  34. Yang, L. (2012). Impacts and Challenges in Agri-tourism Development in Yunnan, China, Tourism Planning & Development, 9(4): 369–381.
  35. Yang, C.L. and Nair, V. (2014). Risk perception study in tourism: Are we really measuring perceived risk?, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 144: 322 – 327.
  36. Sharon, P., Hunter, C. and Blackstock, K. (2010). A typology for defining agritourism, Tourism Management, 31: 754–758.
آمار
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