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حق بر گردشگری و حقوق گردشگران خارجی از منظر حقوق بین الملل | ||
| برنامه ریزی و توسعه گردشگری | ||
| مقاله 7، دوره 6، شماره 23، اسفند 1396، صفحه 155-170 اصل مقاله (505.25 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: علمی-پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22080/jtpd.2018.1768 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| امیر مقامی* 1؛ میترا درودگر2 | ||
| 1استادیار دانشکده حقوق و تکنولوژی، دانشگاه شهید اشرفی اصفهانی، اصفهان | ||
| 2کارشناس ارشد، دانشگاه شهید اشرفی اصفهانی، اصفهان | ||
| تاریخ دریافت: 19 مرداد 1396، تاریخ بازنگری: 16 آذر 1396، تاریخ پذیرش: 21 اسفند 1396 | ||
| چکیده | ||
| حقوق بین الملل هنوز فاقد مقرّرات الزام آور در حوزه گردشگری است امّا می توان از قواعد عام و نَرم مرتبط با حقوق بیگانگان و گردشگری، قواعد و اصولی را استخراج نمود که در حقوق گردشگری نیز قابل استناد باشد. پژوهش تحلیلی – توصیفی حاضر نشان می دهد مفهوم حقّ بر تفریح که در اسناد حقوق بشر شناسایی شده است؛ توسعه یافته و شامل حقّ بر گردشگری نیز می شود، امّا ورود به سرزمین دولت غیرمتبوع، مستلزم رعایت ملاحظات داخلی آن کشور است که باید بدون هرگونه تبعیض اعمال شود. اصل رفتار متقابل تا جایی که به نقض حقوق بنیادین منجر نشود، اصل آزادی و استثنا تلقّیشدن محدودیت ورود اتباع خارجی در چارچوب حقّ آزادی رفت و آمد، بر استدلال های مربوط به اثبات حقّ گردشگری افزوده است. نتیجهً تحقیق حاضر نشان می دهد که حقوق بین الملل موجود گردشگر را به عنوان بیگانه و فارغ از معاهدات دوجانبه حمایتی، موضوع و مستحق حقوق بنیادین بشری می داند که با ابزارهایی چون دسترسی کنسولی و حمایت دیپلماتیک، تأمین می گردد. برخی حقوق مرتبط با گردشگری نیز توسط دولت میزبان باید تضمین شود و مؤسسات خدمات مسافرتی نیز نقش مهمّی در رعایت این حقوق دارند. این حقوق عمدتاً در کد جهانی اخلاق گردشگری و پیش نویس کنوانسیون اخلاق گردشگری مورد حمایت قرار گرفته اند. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| حقّ بر گردشگری؛ حقوق بنیادین؛ حقوق گردشگر خارجی؛ تبعه بیگانه؛ حاکمیّت دولت میزبان | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Tourism and Foreign Tourists Rights under International Law | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Amir Maghami1؛ Mitra Dorudgar2 | ||
| 1Assistant Professor, University of Shahid Ashrafi Esfahani, Isfahan | ||
| 2MSc, University of Shahid Ashrafi Esfahani, Isfahan | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Abstract Though international law has not benefited from binding regulations in tourism yet, there exists applicable rules related to the aliens and tourists’ rights among general and soft law. The present descriptive-analytic research indicates that the right to leisure as an already affirmed human right in the international documents can be generalized to the tourism. International tourists should obey the internal obligatory rules of the host countries without any discrimination. From the international law perspective the principle of counter measure to the extent that does not violate the fundamental rights (as being erga omnes in nature) is an important principle related to the international tourists’ rights. The right of freedom of travel is a further principle which is an affirmative right to tourism. This paper’s result shows that according to the present international law view, at first, tourists deserve to benefit from the fundamental rights such as the right to live and the right of access to fair judge that can be achieved through consular support, regardless of necessarily any mutual contract. Secondly, there are more specific rights that host governments and travel agencies should assure, among these are: the right to have access to information (including of travel and possible risks), official, judicial, and health services, and foreign exchanges, which are supported in the global code of ethics for tourism. Introduction For meeting efficient development in tourism, paying attention to legal aspects is a crucial fact and requires a systematic and complex programming in this regard. As UNWTO defines:" Tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited." Alongside with other fundamental human rights such as the right to live and freedom of movement the right to travel is also essential and intrinsic to human nature. Foreign tourists as aliens with various aims such as visiting, fun, treatment or else travel to a country and bring the benefit of foreign exchange to the host country. Tourism relates to travel and leisure and requires a systematic net of protection services, among these a systematic law system is a prerequisite. Materials and Methods This project through an analytical-descriptive method tries to discuss about the existing law principles and rules in tourism field in a regular conceptual frame according to international law. The results extracted logically from binding or unbinding legal documents. For this purpose by presenting different views about foreign tourist rights, the relation between this right, the sovereignty of governments and other related legal international principles are discussed in a human right perspective. Finally a foreign tourist right as an alien versus a tourist is compared Discussion and results International law as a regulatory system over the international actors behavior provides special guidelines and standard rules in relation to aliens and nationals. Not in violation with sovereignty of governments in controlling arrivals and departures, the principle of freedom without discrimination, the right of movement, the right for leisure including tourism as an essential right for safeguarding human health and dignity promotes the nations to regulate and obey the standard rules. On the other hand some of the international law doctrines like countermeasures, proportionality and the necessity of protection of fundamental rights are applicable. International human right recognizes a foreign tourist as an alien who should benefit from fundamental rights, except some of the political and social rights such as voting, or acting as a candidate. There are also some rights listed as unbinding documents that have to be made as binding contracts or recognized and written as citizenship rights or domestic law by nations otherwise may bring them international responsibility. International law society may induce those common practiced regulations of individual nations in tourism for integrating them in to the international potentially binding regulations. Conclusions As far as our country-Iran is concerned, there is a need to regulate and adapt the rules in such a way that confirm to UNWTO paradigms especially The Global Code of Ethics for Tourism. For example in the cases of articles 6 and 8 in providing for foreign tourists the possibility of access to available forms of communication; easy access to local and administrative, legal and health services. They also should be free to contact their consular representatives, and have access to places of transit and stay and to tourism and cultural sites without being subject to excessive formalities or discrimination. Keywords: Right to Tourism, Fundamental Rights, International Tourists Rights, Aliens, Host Government’s Sovereignty References: Asadzadeh, A. and Khalili, A. (2015). Tourism Law with emphasizes on the approach of the international community and solidarity of nations, 2nd National Conference on National Empire Tourism and the Future Perspective, Tehran. Gharibeh, A. (2011). The right to tourism and public rights of foreign tourists, Quarterly of Geographical Space, 11(31): 185-208. Richardsa , D. and Carbonettib, B. )2012). Worth what we Decide: A Define of the Right Leisure, The International Journal of Human Rights, 7(3): 1-12.. Zadvydas, V.D. (2001). 553 US 678, 693, available at: https://www.un.org UN. GARO (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights, pbml . – art. 7-11, 19 -20 –(1) , G.A.Res.217A(III) , 3d Sess. , at 71. UN. Dev.A/810 available at: https://www.un.org. ICJ (2010), Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republique De Guinee C. Reupublique Democratique Du Congo), Judgement. Human Rights Committee (1999). CCPR General Comment No. 27: Article 12 (Freedom of Movement) United States Court of Appeals (2017). State of Washington; State of Minnesota, V. Donald J. Trump, President of The United States; U.S. Department Of Homeland Security; Rex W. Tillerson, Secretary of State; John F. Kelly, Secretary of The Department of Homeland Security; United States of America, Order, No. 17-35105. UNWTO (1999). Global Code of Ethics for Tourism. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Right to Tourism, Fundamental Rights, International Tourists Rights, Aliens, Host Government’s Sovereignty | ||
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