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تمایز دعوت به معامله و ایجاب: مطالعه تطبیقی حقوق ایران و انگلستان | ||
| پژوهشنامه حقوق تطبیقی | ||
| مقاله 1، دوره 8، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 15، مهر 1403، صفحه 7-26 اصل مقاله (740.05 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: علمی پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22080/lps.2023.24852.1461 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| گودرز افتخار جهرمی* 1؛ وحید عاکفی قاضیانی2؛ سید مصطفی میلانی3 | ||
| 1استاد گروه حقوق، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران. | ||
| 2کارشناس ارشد حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران | ||
| 3کارشناس ارشد حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران. | ||
| تاریخ دریافت: 20 دی 1401، تاریخ بازنگری: 10 فروردین 1402، تاریخ پذیرش: 24 خرداد 1402 | ||
| چکیده | ||
| تشخیص ایجاب از دعوت به معامله، سالیان متمادی در میان حقوقدانان محل بحث و بررسی می‌باشد. پرسش اصلی این جستار آن است که با چه معیاری می‌توان ایجاب را از دعوت به معامله متمایز ساخت. در پاسخ به این پرسش، نویسندگان با نگاهی تطبیقی به حقوق ایران و انگلستان و رویکردی توصیفی-تحلیلی بدین نتیجه دست یافتند که می‌توان سنجشی را تحت عنوان «قابلیت عرضه» در حقوق انگلستان و بر مبنای نظریه «لرد هرشل» و «لرد پارکر» پذیرفت. در حقوق ایران اما با توجه بدانکه، نویسندگان در رابطه با عینیت بخشی به نهاد‌ها و نظریه‌های حقوقی کمتر سخن به میان آورده‌اند، سنجش فوق توان پذیرش را دارد و مانعی برای قبول آن وجود ندارد. همچنین لحاظ مقدمه حرام و سد ذرائع منجر به تقویت دیدگاه مذکور و پذیرش این سنجش است. این رویکرد به طور خلاصه بیان می‌کند که اگر تجارتخانه قابلیت عرضه در هنگام ارائه پیشنهاد را نداشته باشد، باید پیشنهاد را دعوت به معامله تلقی کرد و نه ایجاب. از طرفی عکس قضیه نیز صادق است و اگر تجارتخانه دارای سابقه تولید انبوه و به میزان پیشنهاد مشتریان یا بیش از آن بوده است با توجه به آن که ایجاب تلقی کردن چنین پیشنهادی سبب نقض قرارداد نمی‌شود، عرف معاملاتی نیز همین استنتاج را تقویت می‌کند و پیشنهاد را ایجاب می‌خواند. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| ایجاب؛ تبلیغات؛ حراج؛ حقوق انگلستان؛ دعوت به معامله | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Differentiation of Invitation to Treat and Offer: A Comparative Study in Iranian and English law | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Goudarz Eftekhar Jahromi1؛ Vahid Akefi Ghaziani2؛ Seyyed Mostafa Milani3 | ||
| 1Professor of Law Department, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| 2Master of Private Law, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 3Master of Private Law, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Distinguishing an invitation to treat from an offer has long been a subject of discussion among scholars. The main question of this research is what criteria can be used to distinguish an offer and an invitation to a transaction. In response to this question, the authors, with a comparative look at the laws of Iran and England and a descriptive-analytical approach, concluded that it is possible to accept a measurement under the title of "suppliability" in English law and based on the theory of "Lord Herschell" and "Lord Parker". Also, considering Sad Dharai (Blocking Means to Evil)[1], leads to the approval of the mentioned approach and the acceptance of this assessment. This approach briefly states that if the merchant cannot supply goods when presenting the offer, the offer should be considered an invitation to treat and not an offer. It is also true and if the store has a history of mass production and it was as much as the customer's offer or more, regarding that considering such a proposal as an offer does not cause a breach of the contract. Trading customs also strengthens the same conclusion. In this research, an attempt has been made to examine the approach of the legal systems of Iran and England in facing similar instances of offer and invitation to treat. [1] The preemption of the means to evil is one of the fundamental principles of Sharia. It is defined as the prohibition of an otherwise permissible matter but which may be used to commit corruptions or prohibitions. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Offer, Advertisements, auction, English Law, Invitation to treat | ||
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