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ممنوعیت «سوءاستفاده» در اقدامات و رویه‌های بانکی در حقوق آمریکا؛ با نگاهی به نظام حقوقی ایران | ||
| پژوهشنامه حقوق تطبیقی | ||
| مقاله 3، دوره 8، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 16، دی 1403 | ||
| نوع مقاله: علمی پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22080/lps.2024.27591.1656 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| سید امین پیشنماز* 1؛ مصطفی السان2 | ||
| 1دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران. | ||
| 2دانشیار گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران. | ||
| تاریخ دریافت: 28 مرداد 1403، تاریخ بازنگری: 26 مهر 1403، تاریخ پذیرش: 01 آذر 1403 | ||
| چکیده | ||
| قراردادهای بانکی به عنوان نمونه‌ای از پرکاربردترین قراردادهای استانداردِ الحاقی، میان موسسه اعتباری (در معنای عام) به عنوان طرف قوی قرارداد و مصرف‌کننده منعقد می‌شود. خاصیت الحاقی بودن قرارداد در کنار پیچیدگی مفاد آن و موقعیت برتر موسسه اعتباری بستری مساعد را برای سوءاستفاده طرف قوی قرارداد فراهم می‌آورد. با این حال، همواره این گونه نیست که مصرف‌کننده مورد سوءاستفاده قرار گیرد، بلکه گاه عدم تقارن اطلاعاتی تیجه‌ی عکس داده و منجر به مخاطرات اخلاقی از سوی مصرف‌کننده می‌شود. پس از گذار از بحران مالی سال‌های 2007-2008، اصطلاح سوءاستفاده به موجب قانون «اصلاح وال‌استریت و حمایت از مصرف‌کننده» به طور جدی وارد ادبیات حقوقی-مالی ایالات‌متحده آمریکا شد. نارسایی مقررات موضوعه در پیش‌گیری از وقوع بحران، همچنین ناتوانی در مقابله با بحران مالی سبب شد تا سازوکارهای موجود برای مدیریت بازارهای مالی به‌خصوص در قراردادهای اعتباری و اعطای تسهیلات مورد بازبینی قرار گیرد. قانون اخیرالذکر متعاقب تشکیل دفتر حمایت مالی از مصرف‌کنندگان به این دفتر اختیار تعیین و تعقیب اقدامات و رویه‌های سوءاستفاده‌گرانه مالی را اعطاء نمود. در نوشتار حاضر به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی، پس از مطالعه پیشینه و منشأ استاندارد سوءاستفاده، مفهوم و ضمانت اجراهای این ممنوعیت در نظام حقوقی ایالات‌متحده مورد بررسی قرار می‌گیرد. در ادامه سازوکارها و مصادیق موجود در حقوق ایران در تطبیق با نظام حقوقی مذکور ارزیابی می‌شود. النهایه بسط و توسعه سازوکارهای موجود در نظام حقوق داخلی به منظور مقابله با سوءاستفاده طرف قوی قرارداد در کنار عمومات قابل استناد، همچنین شروع حرکت به سمت رویکردهای جدید در حمایت از مصرف‌کننده قابل استنباط است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| قانون داد-فرانک؛ ممنوعیت سوءاستفاده؛ دفتر حمایت مالی مصرف‌کننده؛ سوءاستفاده از حق؛ قراردادهای بانکی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Prohibition of "abusive" in banking acts and practices in US law; with a look at Iran's legal system | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Seyyed Amin Pishnamaz1؛ Mostafa Elsan2 | ||
| 1PhD student in private law, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| 2Associate Professor of Private Law, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Banking contracts, as an example of the most widely used additional standard contracts, are concluded between the credit institution (in the general sense) as the strong party to the contract and the consumer.The adhesion nature of the contract along with the complexity of its provisions and the superior position of the credit institution provide grounds for the abuse of the strong party of the contract. However it is not always the case that the consumer is abused; Information asymmetry sometimes has the opposite result and leads to moral risks on the part of the consumer. After passing through the financial crisis of 2007-2008 the term "abusive" seriously entered the legal-financial literature of the United States of America due to the Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. The inadequacy of the regulations in preventing the occurrence of the crisis, as well as the inability to deal with the financial crisis, led to a review of the existing mechanisms for managing the financial markets, especially in credit contracts and the granting of facilities under review. In addition to establishing the Office of Financial Protection of Consumers, the aforementioned Act gave this office the authority to determine and prosecute abusive financial acts and practices. In the present article, in a descriptive-analytical method, after studying the background and origin of abusethe concept and sanction of the implementation of this prohibition inthe legal system ofthe United States of America are discussed.. In the following, the existing mechanisms and examples in Iran's laws are evaluated in accordance with the aforementioned legal system. Finally, the expansion and development of the existing mechanisms in the domestic law system in order to deal with the abuse of the strong party of the contract,inaddition to referringto general rules and starting the movement towards newapproaches in consumer protection can beinferred. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Dodd-Frank Act, Abusive Prohibition, Consumer financial protection bureau, abuse of rights, bank contracts | ||
| مراجع | ||
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