پیوندهای مفید
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 32 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 592 |
| تعداد مقالات | 5,809 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 8,768,054 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 6,419,683 |
پویایی اعتراضات در چین (2022-1989): تحلیل راهبردی منطق اعتراض و اقدام جمعی | ||
| مطالعات راهبردی سیاست بین الملل | ||
| مقاله 11، دوره 7، شماره 14، آذر 1403، صفحه 301-325 اصل مقاله (827.32 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22080/jpir.2024.25979.1348 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| محمد لعل علیزاده* 1؛ محمد رضا صالحی وثیق2؛ علی اکبرپور آلمه جوقی3 | ||
| 1دانشیار دانشگاه پیام نور، گروه علوم سیاسی | ||
| 2دانشجوی دکتری دانشگاه تهران، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، تهران، ایران | ||
| 3کارشناسی ارشد علوم سیاسی دانشگاه پیام نور قوچان | ||
| تاریخ دریافت: 13 شهریور 1402، تاریخ بازنگری: 08 آذر 1403، تاریخ پذیرش: 20 آذر 1403 | ||
| چکیده | ||
| پژوهش حاضر تکامل پویایی اعتراضات در چین را از سال 1989 تا 2022 بررسی می‌کند. این فرضیه مطرح شد که ویژگی‌های اعتراضات و واکنش‌های دولت به‌طور سیستماتیک در طول زمان تغییر کرده‌اند و منعکس‌کننده تغییرات اجتماعی-سیاسی گسترده‌تر هستند. از نظریه منطق اعتراضی و چارچوب‌های جنبش اجتماعی برای تحلیل این تغییرات استفاده شد. با رویکرد توصیفی-تحلیلی، رویدادهای اعتراضی تاریخی و معاصر چین با تمرکز بر عوامل علی، انواع اعتراض و واکنش‌های دولت بررسی شد. بیان شد که اعتراضات از مسائل سیاسی اقتصادی گسترده‌تر به نارضایتی‌های خاص‌تر تبدیل‌شده‌اند و واکنش‌های دولت بر این اساس تغییر کرده است. نتایج یک تغییر قابل‌توجه در پویایی اعتراض را تأیید کرد که اعتراض‌های اولیه اغلب به نگرانی‌های سیاسی-اقتصادی سیستماتیک منجر شده، درحالی‌که رویدادهای اخیر، به‌ویژه در سال 2022، بر موضوعات خاصی مانند کمبود زیرساخت‌ها، فساد، و سیاست‌های کووید 19 متمرکز بود. رویکرد دولت از تاکتیک‌های سرکوبگر اولیه به استراتژی‌های مدیریت اعتراضات ظریف‌تر، به‌ویژه برای مخالفت‌های گسترده تبدیل‌شده است. این یافته‌ها به درک کنش جمعی در زمینه‌های اقتدارگرا کمک می‌کنند، و تأثیر متقابل پیچیده بین نارضایتی‌های اجتماعی، واکنش‌های دولت و شرایط تاریخی را برجسته می‌کند. این مطالعه نشان می‌دهد که تنوع اعتراضی و تکامل در چین به نوع اعتراض، بافت تاریخی و رویکرد دولت بستگی دارد، و بر نیاز به تحلیل زمینه‌ای خاص از پویایی کنش جمعی تأکید می‌کند. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| چین؛ اعتراضات؛ منطق اعتراضی؛ کووید صفر؛ پویایی اعتراض | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Dynamics of Protests in China (1989-2022): A Strategic Analysis of the Logic of Protest and Collective Action | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| mohammad laelalizadeh1؛ Mohammadreza Salehi Vasigh2؛ Ali Akbarpour Almeh joghi3 | ||
| 1Assistant Professor of Payam Noor University, Department of Political Science | ||
| 2PhD student, University of Tehran, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| 3Master of Political Science at Payam Noor Qochan University | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| This study examines the evolution of protest dynamics in China from 1989 to 2022. It hypothesizes that the characteristics of protests and government responses have systematically changed over time, reflecting broader socio-political changes. The theory of protest logic and social movement frameworks were used to analyze these changes. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, historical and contemporary protest events in China were examined, focusing on causal factors, types of protest, and government responses. It is stated that protests have shifted from broader political-economic issues to more specific grievances, and government responses have changed accordingly. The results confirmed a significant change in protest dynamics, with early protests often leading to systematic political-economic concerns, while recent events, especially in 2022, focused on specific issues such as infrastructure shortages, corruption, and COVID-19 policies. The government's approach has evolved from initial repressive tactics to more subtle protest management strategies, especially for widespread dissent. These findings contribute to understanding collective action in authoritarian contexts, highlighting the complex interplay between social grievances, government responses, and historical conditions. This study demonstrates that protest diversity and evolution in China depend on the type of protest, historical context, and government approach, emphasizing the need for context-specific analysis of collective action dynamics. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| China, protests, protest logic, zero COVID, protest dynamics | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Barnett, R. (2009). The Tibet Protests of Spring 2008: Conflict between the Nation and the State. China Perspectives, 9 (3), 6–23.
Branch, A., & Mampilly, C. Z. (2015). Africa Uprising: Popular Protest and Political Change. London: Zed Books.
Brown, D., & Harlow, S. (2019). Rotests, Media Coverage, and a Hierarchy of Social Struggle. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 24 (3): 19-40.
Cai, Y. (2008). “Power Structure and Regime Resilience: Contentious Politics in China”. British Journal of Political Science, 38 (3): 411-432.
Cai, Y., & Jay Chen, C.J. (2022). State and Social Protests in China. Elements in Politics and Society in East Asia, Cambridge University Press.
Calhoun, C. (1989). Revolution and Repression in Tiananmen Square. Society, 26 (6), 21–38.
Chen, X. (2009). "The Power of "Troublemaking": Protest Tactics and Their Efficacy in China." Comparative Politics, 41(4), 451-471.
Craven, T. (2021). Beyond the Red Line: An Analysis of Deadly Repression Against Anti-Regime Protests in the People’s Republic of China. Senior Honors Thesis, Political Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Crowe, K. (2022). Ask the expert: Protests in China over lockdown policies. Msutoday, 7 Dec, 2022. Available at: https://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2022/Ask-the-expert-protests-in-China-over-lockdown-policies
Dong, L. (2022). The Persistent Vaccine Hesitancy of China’s Elderly. Bloomberg, July, 2022. Available at:https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2022-07-11/the-persistent-vaccine-hesitancy-of-china-s-elderly. Accessed on: 10 Dec. 2022.
FRANCE 24. (2022). Historic protests in China against 'zero Covid' policy. https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20221202-historic-protests-in-china-against-zero-covid-policy
Göbel, C. (2020). The Political Logic of Protest Repression in China. Journal of Contemporary China, 30 (128): 169-185.
Godbole, A. (2019). Stability in the Xi Era: Trends in Ethnic Policy in Xinjiang and Tibet Since 2012. Indian Council of World Affairs, 75 (2), 228–244.
Greitens, S. C. (2019). “Surveillance with Chinese Characteristics: The Development & Global Export of Chinese Policing Technology.” Retrieved June 15, 2020 (http://ncgg.princeton.edu/IR% 20Colloquium/GreitensSept2019.pdf).
Honneth, A. (1995). The Struggle for Recognition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Jay Chen, C.J. (2020). A PROTEST SOCIETY EVALUATED: POPULAR PROTESTS IN CHINA, 2000-2019. Mobilization: An International Journal, 25 (5): 641-660.
Jingtao, S. (2022). Anti-Covid lockdown protests flare across China after deadly Urumqi fire. South China Morning Post, Nov. 2022. Available at: https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3201181/anti-covid-lockdown-protests-flare-across-china-after-deadly-urumqi-fire. Accessed on: 10 Dec. 2022.
Johnston, H., & Zhang, S. (2020). Repertoires of Protest and Repression in Contemporary China. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 25 (5): 601-622.
Kang, D., & Wu, H. (2022). Crowd angered by lockdowns calls for China’s Xi to step down. AP News, Nov. 2022. Available at: https://apnews.com/article/taiwan-health-fires-social-media-50d7515e5fae00f5054062209e9306cc. Accessed on: 10 Dec. 2022
Kann, C., Hashash, S., Steinert-Threlkeld, Z., & Alvarez, RM. (2023). Collective identity in collective action: evidence from the 2020 summer BLM protests. Front. Polit. Sci, 5 (11): 185-203.
Lau, M. (2022). Fresh Covid questions over Chinese Covid lockdowns after 10 killed in fire at Xinjiang residential block. South China Morning Post, Nov. 2022. Available at: https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3201005/fresh-covid-questions-over-chinese-covid-lockdowns-after-10-killed-fire-xinjiang-residential-block?module=inline&pgtype=article. Accessed on: 10 Dec. 2022.
Lei, Y.W. (2017). The Contentious Public Sphere: Law, Media, And Authoritarian Rule in China. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Lewis Abedi Asante & Ilse Helbrecht (2018): Seeing through African protest logics: a longitudinal review of continuity and change in protests in Ghana, Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines, DOI:10.1080/00083968.2018.1477607.
Li, Y. (2019). A Zero-Sum Game? Repression and Protest in China. Government and Opposition, 54 (2), 309–335.
Liu, J., Liu, M., & Liang, W. (2022). The DYnamic COVID-Zero Strategy in China. CCDC Weekly, 4 (4): 74-85.
Liu, S. (2015). The new contentious sequence since Tiananmen. Third World Quarterly, 36 (11), 2148-2166.
Mackerras, C. (2001). Xinjiang at the Turn of the Century: The Causes of Separatism. Central Asian Survey, 20 (3), 289–303.
Mao, F. (2022). China abandons key parts of zero-Covid strategy after protests. BBC, Dec, 2022. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-63855508. Accessed on: 10 Dec. 2022.
McCarthy, J.D., & Zald, M.N. (1977). Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory. American Journal of Sociology, 82 (6): 1212-1241.
O’Brien, K. J. (2008). “Introduction: Studying Contention in Contemporary China.” Pp. 11-25 in Popular Protest in China, edited by Kevin J. O’Brien. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Ong, L. H., & Han, D. (2019). What Drives People to Protest in an Authoritarian Country? Resources and Rewards vs Risks of Protests in Urban and Rural China. Political Studies Association, 67 (1), 224-248.
Perry, E. (2002). Moving the Masses: Emotion Work in the Chinese Revolution. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 7 (2): 111-128.
Quinzenal, A. (2022). Nationwide Covid Protests of 2022 in China: What Comes Next?. Criado, Dec, 2022. Available at: http://petrel.unb.br/destaques/179-nationwide-covid-protests-of-2022-in-china-what-comes-next
Restrepo, M. L. (2022). How protesters in China bypass online censorship to express dissent. NPR, Dec. 2022. Available at:https://www.npr.org/2022/12/08/1141335778/china-zero-covid-lockdown-protests-online-xi-jinping-censorship. Accessed on: 10 Dec. 2022.
Smith, L.G.E., Thomas, E.F., & Bliuc, AM. (2024). Polarization is the psychological foundation of collective engagement. Commun Psychol, 2 (41): 1-23.
Sylla, N. S. (2014). “Introduction: Democracy, Liberalism and Social Movements in West Africa.” In Liberalism and Its Discontents: Social Movements in West Africa, edited by N. S. Sylla, 13–71. Dakar: Rosa Luxemburg Foundation.
Tilly, C. (1978). From Mobilization to Revolution. Addison-Wesley.
WHO-China. (2022). Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus DIsease 2019 (COVID-19). WHO-China, Feb. 2020. Available at: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf. Accessed on: 10 Dec. 2022.
Wright, T. (2022). Protests in China are not rare – but the current unrest is significant. The Conversation. Available at:https://theconversation.com/protests-in-china-are-not-rare-but-the-current-unrest-is-significant-195622 Accessed on: 10 Dec. 2022.
Yang, D. (2017). China’s Troubled Quest for Order: Leadership, Organization and the Contradictions of the Stability Maintenance Regime. Journal of Contemporary China, 26 (203): 35-53.
Yang, G. (2009). The Power of the Internet in China: Citizen Activism Online. Columbia University Press. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 467 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 278 |
||