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حقوق رقابت و اِعمال نظارت حاکمیتی و تنظیم گری در حوزه استارت آپ ها در نظام های حقوقی ایران، فرانسه و ایالات متحده آمریکا | ||
| پژوهشنامه حقوق تطبیقی | ||
| مقاله 7، دوره 9، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 19، مهر 1404، صفحه 121-142 اصل مقاله (518.38 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: علمی پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22080/lps.2025.29332.1753 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| رسول کرمی مقدم* | ||
| استادیار گروه حقوق،دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران | ||
| تاریخ دریافت: 04 خرداد 1404، تاریخ بازنگری: 12 آبان 1404، تاریخ پذیرش: 28 آبان 1404 | ||
| چکیده | ||
| در جهانی که استارتآپها چشم انداز های اقتصاد دیجیتال را رصد می نمایند، حقوق رقابت نقش محوری در مهار انحصار و ترغیب نوآوری ایفا میکند. به دیگر بیان در قلمرو اقتصاد دانشبنیان، حقوق رقابت از کاربردی دوگانه بهرهمند است؛ نوآوری را صیانت میبخشد و از جهتی بر سلطه موقعیت برتر سایه میافکند. این پژوهش، با رویکرد تطبیقی مکانیسمهای نظارت حاکمیتی و تنظیمگری بر استارتآپها را نظامهای حقوقی جمهوری اسلامی ایران، جمهوری فرانسه و ایالات متحده آمریکا واکاوی میکند. بر این اساس پرسش بنیادین جستار پیش رو به این مهم اشاره دارد که چگونه حقوق رقابت در این سه نظام حقوقی، نظارت حاکمیتی را بر استارتآپها اعمال میسازد تا انحصار را مهار نماید، بیآنکه نوآوری را محدود سازد؟ یافتههای پژوهش حاکی از آن است که در ایران، قانون اجرای اصل ۴۴ درفصل نهم تبانی و سوءاستفاده سلطهگرانه را ممنوع میسازد، لیکن پراکندگی نهادهایی چون شورای رقابت و تنظیمگران بخشی از یک سو و فقدان تنظیمگری آزمایشی و کنترلشده از سوی دیگر چالشهای ساختاری را به دنبال دارد. فرانسه، با اقتدار رقابت، ادغامهای دیجیتال را نظارت کرده و نوآوری را ترغیب مینماید. ایالات متحده، از طریق قوانین شرمن و کلایتون، رقابت را تشویق میکند، اما نظارت بر خریدهای کشنده، نقدینگی سرمایهگذاریهای مخاطرهپذیر را تهدید مینماید. نتایج نشان داد که الگوبرداری از مدل فرانسوی در کنترل ادغام و هم پوشانی با مدل آمریکایی در صیانت نوآورانه، همراه با نهاد تنظیمگر که اثرات منفی ناشی از تنظیمگری پیشدستانه بر رقابت و نوآوری را بکاهد، ضروری است. بدینسان، حقوق رقابت به زمینه ای جهت شکوفایی استارتآپها بدل میگردد و اقتصاد دانشبنیان را تعالی میسازد. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| حقوق رقابت؛ نظارت حاکمیتی؛ تنظیمگری استارتآپها؛ شورای رقابت؛ کمیسیون تجارت فدرال | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Competition Law and the Exercise of Governmental Oversight and Regulation in the Startup Sector: A Comparative Study of the Legal Systems of Iran, France, and the United States | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Rasoul Karami Moghadam | ||
| Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Humanities, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| In a world where startups, like emerging stars, illuminate the horizons of the digital economy, competition law plays a pivotal role in curbing monopolistic dominance while fostering innovation. Within knowledge-based economies, competition law serves a dual purpose: safeguarding innovation and constraining the abuse of market power. This comparative study examines the mechanisms of governmental oversight and regulatory control over startups in the legal systems of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the French Republic, and the United States of America. These nascent enterprises depend on equitable legal frameworks to ensure fair participation in the market. The core research question explores how competition law in these three jurisdictions exercises public oversight over startups to prevent monopolization without unduly restricting innovation. Findings indicate that in Iran, Chapter Nine of the Law on the Implementation of the General Policies of Article 44 of the Constitution prohibits collusion and abuse of dominance; however, institutional fragmentation—between the Competition Council and sectoral regulators—and the absence of a regulatory sandbox generate structural inefficiencies. France, through its Autorité de la concurrence, effectively monitors below-threshold digital mergers, preserving market dynamism and innovation. In contrast, the United States—via the Sherman and Clayton Acts—encourages competition but faces challenges, as scrutiny of “killer acquisitions” may potentially constrain venture capital liquidity. The study concludes that a hybrid model—adopting the French approach to merger control and the American model of innovation protection, integrated within a unified regulatory authority—is essential. In this way, competition law provides a supportive framework that enables startups to grow, fostering the sustainable development of the knowledge-based economy. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Competition Law, Governmental Oversight, Startup Regulation, Competition Council (Iran), Autorité de la Concurrence (France), Federal Trade Commission (U.S.) | ||
| مراجع | ||
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