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Ted Hughes's Romantic Revisionism in Crow: A Reading with Harold Bloom | ||
| Journal of Literature Across Borders | ||
| دوره 1، شماره 1، مهر 2026، صفحه 211-226 اصل مقاله (324.46 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Original Article | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22080/jlab.2026.31004.1005 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| S. Mehdi Mousavi* ؛ Javad Rahbar | ||
| Department of English Language and Literature, Semnan University | ||
| تاریخ دریافت: 14 دی 1404، تاریخ بازنگری: 30 فروردین 1405، تاریخ پذیرش: 30 فروردین 1405 | ||
| چکیده | ||
| Crow: From the Life and Songs of the Crow (1970) represents a radical shift from Ted Hughes’s earlier poetry. It offers a mythopoetic vision of a bleak modern world. This study proposes a new reading of the Crow sequence based on the poetic myth Hughes generates. The literary methodology is based on a Bloomian premise. By employing Harold Bloom’s theory of the “anxiety of influence”, this study focuses on Hughes’s engagement with his Romantic predecessors, particularly Percy Bysshe Shelley. In this connection, by applying Bloom’s concept of “clinamen”, the essay explores how Hughes both inherits and subverts Romantic mythmaking to create a distinctive modern myth of his own. It argues that Crow emerges from an agonistic struggle with Romantic conventions and ideals, functioning simultaneously as an act of paying homage and rebellion against them. This study aims to reveal how Hughes reshapes the Romantic legacy within a modern poetic framework by juxtaposing his Crow sequence with Shelley’s “Alastor” and the metaphor of poet as a solitary nightingale. In doing so, we focus on the narrative quality and internalized quest romance both Hughes and Shelley have developed in their words. In the end, this juxtaposition is extended to explain how Crow (the character) as the poetic persona of Hughes resembles Shelleyan singing nightingale, and how such a shift from a nightingale to a black crow reinforces Bloom’s idea that the whole history of poetry writing consists of strong action and inevitable reaction; a competition between the latecomer poets and their precursors. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| Ted Hughes؛ Crow؛ Poetic Revisionism؛ Romanticism؛ Harold Bloom | ||
| مراجع | ||
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Bate, Jonathan. Ted Hughes: The Unauthorized Life. Harper Collins, 2016.
Bloom, Harold. The Anxiety of Influence. Oxford UP, 1997.
The Ringers in the Tower. Chicago UP, 1971.
The Visionary Company: A Reading of English Romantic Poetry. Cornell UP, 1971.
Brown, Dennis. The Poetry of Postmodernity. St. Martin’s Press, 1994.
Fite, David. Harold Bloom: The Rhetoric of Romantic Vision. Massachusetts UP, 1985.
Ford, Newell F. “The Symbolism of Shelley's Nightingales”. In The Modern Language Review, Vol. 55, No. 4. 1960, pp. 569-574
Gilbert, Sandra M. and Susan Gubar. The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination. Yale UP, 1979.
Hughes, Ted. Crow: From the Life and Songs of the Crow. Faber and Faber, 1999.
Winter Pollen: Occasional Prose. Edited by William Scammell, Picador, 1995.
Jackson, Patrick. “The Narrative of Grief in Ted Hughes’s Crow”. In Journal of Modern Literature, vol. 42, no. 3, 2019, pp. 74-91.
O’Connor, Danny. Ted Hughes and Trauma: Burning the Foxes. Palgrave, 2016.
Roberts, Neil. “Crow: From the Life and Songs of the Crow”. The Ted Hughes Society, thetedhughessociety.org/crow. Accessed 18 Oct. 2025.
Shelley, Percy Bysshe. “A Defence of Poetry”. In A Defence of Poetry and Other Essays. Dodo Press, 2007, pp. 43-70
The Works of P.B. Shelley. Wordsworth Editions Limited, 1994.
Stigen-Drangsholt, Janne. “Ted Hughes and Romanticism: A Poetry of Desolation and Difference.” In Cercles vol. 12, University of Rouen, 2005. pp. 108-20
“Ted Hughes”. The Guardian, 2 Jul. 2008. Accessed 08.29.2025 | ||
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