| تعداد نشریات | 32 |
| تعداد شمارهها | 554 |
| تعداد مقالات | 5,380 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 8,161,391 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 6,064,407 |
Toward the Role of Iranian EFL Learners’ Academic Engagement and Their Tolerance of Ambiguity in Predicting EFL Learners’ Willingness to Communicate | ||
| Interdisciplinary Studies in English Language Teaching | ||
| دوره 4، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 7، 2026، صفحه 72-87 اصل مقاله (431.25 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Original Article | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22080/iselt.2026.31165.1170 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| Fatemeh Jahangiri Dehaghani؛ Mohsen Shahrokhi* | ||
| Department of English Language, Shah.C., Islamic Azad University, Shahreza, Iran | ||
| تاریخ دریافت: 11 بهمن 1404، تاریخ بازنگری: 23 فروردین 1405، تاریخ پذیرش: 29 فروردین 1405 | ||
| چکیده | ||
| Academic engagement, tolerance of ambiguity, and willingness to communicate are each recognized as important contributors to second-language learning as they are correlated with many individuals, cognitive, meta-cognitive, and social constructs, yet their combined influence is not well understood from a pedagogical perspective in the Iranian EFL context. This study investigates how academic engagement and tolerance of ambiguity jointly predict Iranian EFL learners’ willingness to communicate. Using a quantitative design, data were collected from 273 Iranian EFL learners using three validated instruments: the Academic Engagement Scale, the Second Language Tolerance of Ambiguity Scale, and the Willingness to Communicate Questionnaire. Pearson correlation analyses revealed positive relationships among the three constructs. Multiple regression analysis indicated that academic engagement and tolerance of ambiguity together explained 35% of the variance in WTC. These findings underscore the meaningful roles of engagement and ambiguity tolerance in second-language development. The paper closes with recommendations for EFL instructors, learners, and materials designers. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| Academic Engagement؛ EFL Learners؛ Multiple Regression Analysis؛ Tolerance of Ambiguity؛ Willingness to Communicate | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Ahmadi Safa, M., & Jamshidi, R. Z. (2017). Introvert and extrovert EFL learners’ willingness to communicate and ambiguity tolerance. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Applied Literature: Dynamics and Advances, 5(1), 27–41. https://doi.org/10.22049/jalda.2018.26268.1072
Boateng, G. O., Neilands, T. B., Frongillo, E. A., Melgar-Quiñonez, H. R., & Young, S. L. (2018). Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social, and behavioral research: a primer. Frontiers in public health, 6, 149. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149
Boykin, A. W., & Noguera, P. (2011). Creating the opportunity to learn: Moving from research to practice to close the achievement gap. Ascd.
Brown, H. (2000). Principles of language learning and teaching. Longman.
Chu, W.-H., Lin, D.-Y., Chen, T.-Y., Tsai, P.-S., & Wang, C.-H. (2015). The relationships between ambiguity tolerance, learning strategies, and learning Chinese as a second language. System, 49, 1–16. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2014.10.015
Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage.
Denies, K., Yashima, T., & Janssen, R. (2015). Classroom versus societal willingness to communicate: Investigating French as a second language in Flanders. The Modern Language Journal, 99(4), 718–739. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12276
Derakhshan, A. (2021). The predictability of Turkman students’ academic engagement through Persian language teachers’ nonverbal immediacy and credibility. Journal of Teaching Persian to Speakers of Other Languages, 10(1), 3–24. https://doi.org/10.30479/jtpsol.2021.14654.1506
Derakhshan, A., Doliński, D., Zhaleh, K., Enayat, M. J., & Fathi, J. (2022). A mixed-methods cross-cultural study of teacher care and teacher-student rapport in Iranian and Polish university students’ engagement in pursuing academic goals in an L2 context. System, 106, 102790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2022.102790
Derakhshan, A., & Noughabi, M. A. (2024). A self-determination perspective on the relationships between EFL learners’ foreign language peace of mind, foreign language enjoyment, psychological capital, and academic engagement. Learning and Motivation, 87, 102025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2024.102025
Dörnyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methodologies. Oxford University Press.
Ehrman, M. E. (1999). Ego boundaries and tolerance of ambiguity in second language learning. In J. Arnold (Ed.), Affect in language learning (pp. 68–86). Cambridge University Press.
Ehrman, M. E., Leaver, B. L., & Oxford, R. L. (2003). A brief overview of individual differences in second language learning. System, 31(3), 313–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0346-251X(03)00045-9
Ely, C. M. (1995). Second language tolerance of ambiguity scale. In J. M. Reid (Ed.), Learning styles in the ESL/EFL classroom (pp. 87–95). Heinle & Heinle.
Felder, R. M., & Henriques, E. R. (1995). Learning and teaching styles in foreign and second language education. Foreign language annals, 28(1), 21–31. https:/doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.1995.tb00767.x
Feng, E., Wang, Y., & King, R. B. (2026). Achievement goals, emotions and willingness to communicate in EFL learning: Combining variable-and person-centered approaches. Language Teaching Research, 30(1), 403–429. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688221146887
Field, A. (2024). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. Sage.
Finn, J. D., & Zimmer, K. S. (2012). Student engagement: What is it? Why does it matter? In S. L. Christenson, A. L. Reschly, & C. Wylie (Eds.), Handbook of research on student engagement (pp. 97–131). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2018-7_5
Hahs-Vaughn, D. L., & Lomax, R. G. (2020). Statistical concepts: A second course (5th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315624358
Han, K. (2021a). Students’ well-being: the mediating roles of grit and school connectedness. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 787861. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.787861
Han, K. (2021b). Fostering students' autonomy and engagement in EFL classroom through proximal classroom factors: autonomy-supportive behaviors and student-teacher relationships. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 767079. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.767079
Hart, N. (2002). Intra-group autonomy and authentic materials: A different approach to ELT in Japanese colleges and universities. System, 30(1), 33–46. https:/doi.org/10.1016/S0346-251X(01)00053-7
Hosseini Fatemi, A., Khajavy, G. H., & Choi, C. W. (2016). Testing a model of intercultural willingness to communicate based on ethnocentrism, ambiguity tolerance and sensation seeking: The role of learning English in Iran. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 45(4), 304–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475759.2016.1190776
Hu, L., & Wang, Y. (2023). The predicting role of EFL teachers’ immediacy behaviors in students’ willingness to communicate and academic engagement. BMC psychology, 11(1), 318. https:/doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01378-x
Kang, S.-J. (2005). Dynamic emergence of situational willingness to communicate in a second language. System, 33(2), 277–292. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2004.10.004
Khajavy, G. H., Ghonsooly, B., Hosseini Fatemi, A., & Choi, C. W. (2016). Willingness to communicate in English: A microsystem model in the Iranian EFL classroom context. Tesol Quarterly, 50(1), 154–180. https:/doi.org/10.1002/tesq.204
Khajavy, G. H., MacIntyre, P. D., & Barabadi, E. (2018). Role of the emotions and classroom environment in willingness to communicate: Applying doubly latent multilevel analysis in second language acquisition research. Studies in second language acquisition, 40(3), 605–624. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263117000304
Kianinezhad, N. (2024). Investigating the influence of ambiguity tolerance and resilience on student engagement: A literature review. English Learning Innovation (englie), 5(1), 142–150. https:/doi.org/10.22219/englie.v5i1.28210
Krashen, S. D. (1981). Second language acquisition and second language learning. Pergamon Press.
Kurniasari, F. A., & Indriani, L. (2021). A study of EFL students’ perspective on ambiguity tolerance. English Learning Innovation (englie), 2(1), 10–16. https:/doi.org/10.22219/englie.v2i1.14858
Lee, J. S., & Lee, K. (2020). Role of L2 motivational self system on willingness to communicate of Korean EFL university and secondary students. Journal of psycholinguistic research, 49(1), 147–161. https:/doi.org/10.1007/s10936-019-09675-6
Li, J., & Xue, E. (2023). Dynamic interaction between student learning behaviour and learning environment: Meta-analysis of student engagement and its influencing factors. Behavioral Sciences, 13(1), 59. https:/doi.org/10.3390/bs13010059
Ma, Y., & Bennett, D. (2021). The relationship between higher education students' perceived employability, academic engagement and stress among students in China. Education+ Training, 63(5), 744–762. https:/doi.org/10.1108/ET-07-2020-0219
MacIntyre, P., Baker, S., Clément, R., & Donovan, L. (2003). Talking in order to learn: Willingness to communicate and intensive language programs. Canadian Modern Language Review, 59(4), 589–608. https:/doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.59.4.589
MacIntyre, P. D. (2007). Willingness to communicate in the second language: Understanding the decision to speak as a volitional process. The Modern Language Journal, 91(4), 564–576. https:/doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2007.00623.x
MacIntyre, P. D., Clément, R., Dörnyei, Z., & Noels, K. A. (1998). Conceptualizing willingness to communicate in a L2: A situational model of L2 confidence and affiliation. The Modern Language Journal, 82(4), 545–562. https:/doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1998.tb05543.x
Menezes, E., & Juan-Garau, M. (2015). English learners’ willingness to communicate and achievement in CLIL and formal instruction contexts. In M. Juan-Garau & J. Salazar-Noguera (Eds.), Content-based language learning in multilingual educational environments (pp. 221–236). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11496-5_13
Mercer, S. (2019). Language learner engagement: Setting the scene. In X. Gao (Ed.), Second handbook of English language teaching (pp. 643–660). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02899-2_40
Mystkowska-Wiertelak, A., & Bielak, J. (2023). Investigating the link between L2 WtC, learner engagement and selected aspects of the classroom context. In M. Pawlak, M. Jedynak, & A. Pietrzykowska (Eds.), Contemporary issues in foreign language education: Festschrift in honour of Anna Michońska-Stadnik (pp. 163–189). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28655-1_10
Namaziandost, E., Çakmak, F., & Ashkani, P. (2025). How do you feel? Unmasking ambiguity tolerance, learning adaptability, self-management, and learning outcomes in gamification vs. ludicization in foreign language learning. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 18, 100651. https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100651
Namaziandost, E., Çakmak, F., Heydarnejad, T., & Rezai, A. (2024). The predictive effects of learner autonomy and academic engagement on willingness to communicate, foreign language learning self-esteem, and L2 grit in an EFL context. Acta psychologica, 250, 104528. https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104528
Nezhad, H. Y., Atarodi, I., & Khalili, M. (2013). Why on earth is learners’ patience wearing thin: the interplay between ambiguity tolerance and reading comprehension valence of Iranian intermediate level students. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 3(8), 1490–1495. https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.3.8.1490-1495
Oga-Baldwin, W. Q. (2019). Acting, thinking, feeling, making, collaborating: The engagement process in foreign language learning. System, 86, 102128. https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2019.102128
Parsons, J., & Taylor, L. (2011). Improving student engagement. Current Issues in Education, 14(1), 1–33. https://cie.asu.edu/ojs/index.php/cieatasu/article/view/745
Pekrun, R. (2006). The control-value theory of achievement emotions: Assumptions, corollaries, and implications for educational research and practice. Educational psychology review, 18(4), 315–341. https:/doi.org/10.1007/s10648-006-9029-9
Peng, J.-E. (2012). Towards an ecological understanding of willingness to communicate in EFL classrooms in China. System, 40(2), 203–213. https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2012.02.002
Peng, J.-E. (2019). The roles of multimodal pedagogic effects and classroom environment in willingness to communicate in English. System, 82, 161–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2019.04.006
Piechurska-Kuciel, E. (2018). The influence of ambiguity tolerance on willingness to communicate in L2. In E. Piechurska-Kuciel & E. Szymańska-Czaplak (Eds.), Challenges of second and foreign language education in a globalized world: Studies in honor of Krystyna Droździał-Szelest (pp. 167–184). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66975-5_11
Pituch, K. A., & Stevens, J. P. (2015). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences: Analyses with SAS and IBM’s SPSS. Routledge.
Rastegar, M., & Karami, M. (2015). On the relationship between foreign language classroom anxiety, willingness to communicate and scholastic success among Iranian EFL learners. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 5(11), 2387. http:/dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0511.25
Reeve, J. (2013). How students create motivationally supportive learning environments for themselves: The concept of agentic engagement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(3), 579–595. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032690
Reeve, J., & Tseng, C.-M. (2011). Agency as a fourth aspect of students’ engagement during learning activities. Contemporary educational psychology, 36(4), 257–267. https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2011.05.002
Reschly, A. L., & Christenson, S. L. (Eds.). (2022). Handbook of research on student engagement (2nd ed.). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07853-8
Schlechty, P. C. (2011). Engaging students: The next level of working on the work. Jossey-Bass.
Shahrokhi, M., & Dehaghani, F. J. (2025). Mediating role of students’ self-assessment in the relationships among EFL students’ L2 grit, motivation, and willingness to communicate. BMC psychology, 13(1), 1052. https:/doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03414-4
Shamsi, E., & Bozorgian, H. (2022). A review of empirical studies of social media on language learners’ willingness to communicate. Education and Information Technologies, 27(4), 4473-4499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10792-w
Skinner, E., Furrer, C., Marchand, G., & Kindermann, T. (2008). Engagement and disaffection in the classroom: Part of a larger motivational dynamic? Journal of educational psychology, 100(4), 765. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012840
Skogestad, I. J., Kottorp, A., Larsson, P., Moen, T. M., Gay, C. L., Borge, C. R., & Lerdal, A. (2023). Development and evaluation of the Norwegian fatigue characteristics and interference measure (FCIM) for stroke survivors: Cognitive interviews and Rasch analysis. Quality of Life Research, 32(12), 3389–3401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-023-03477-z
Susanto, H., Wedyaswari, M., & Dalimunthe, K. L. (2023). A content validity and cognitive interview to develop the HARMONI items: Instrument measuring student well-being in West Java, Indonesia. Frontiers in Education, 8, 1132031. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1132031
Vahedi, V. S., & Fatemi, A. H. (2016). The role of emotional intelligence and tolerance of ambiguity in aademic Iranian EFL learners' willingness to communicate. Journal of Language Teaching & Research, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0701.20
Wang, Y., Wu, H., & Wang, Y. (2025). Engagement and willingness to communicate in the L2 classroom: Identifying the latent profiles and their relationships with achievement emotions. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 46(8), 2175–2191. https:/doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2024.2379534
Weda, S., Atmowardoyo, H., Rahman, F., Said, M. M., & Sakti, A. E. F. (2021). Factors affecting students' willingness to communicate in EFL classroom at higher institution in Indonesia. International Journal of Instruction, 14(2), 719–734. https:/doi.org/10.29333/iji.2021.14240a%20
Wentzel, K. R., & Miele, D. B. (2009). Engagement and disaffection as organizational constructs in the dynamics of motivational development. In K. R. Wentzel & A. Wigfield (Eds.), Handbook of motivation at school (pp. 237–260). Routledge.
Wood, D. (2016). Willingness to communicate and second language speech fluency: An idiodynamic investigation. System, 60, 11–28. https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2016.05.003
Yu, M. (2011). Effect of communication variables, affective variables, and teacher immediacy on willingness to communicate of foreign language learners. Chinese Journal of Communication, 4(02), 218–236. https://doi.org/10.1080/17544750.2011.565678
Zarfsaz, E., & Takkac, M. (2014). Silence in foreign language learning: an analysis of students’ risk taking behavior in an EFL classroom. International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World, 6(3), 307–321.
Zeng, S., & Chen, Q. (2026). Engagement training effect of EFL learners’ willingness to communicate (WTC) and engagement in classroom activities. Current Psychology, 45(3), 279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-025-08731-w
Zhang, C., Mao, L., Li, N., & Gu, X. (2022). Chinese EFL students’ social-emotional competence, grit, and academic engagement. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 914759. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.914759
Zheng, F. (2022). Fostering students’ well-being: The mediating role of teacher interpersonal behavior and student-teacher relationships. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 796728. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.796728
Zhou, N. (2013). Communication research in the EFL context: Challenges and directions. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(1), 11–20. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n1p11 | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 36 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 26 |
||