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حیدری چیانه, رحیم, قاسمی, وحید. (1395). بررسی تطبیقی خط مشی های توسعه گردشگری با تأکید بر روابط اجتماعی بین میزبان و مهمان مطالعه موردی: ایران و ترکیه. پژوهشنامه مدیریت اجرایی, 5(16), 31-46.
رحیم حیدری چیانه; وحید قاسمی. "بررسی تطبیقی خط مشی های توسعه گردشگری با تأکید بر روابط اجتماعی بین میزبان و مهمان مطالعه موردی: ایران و ترکیه". پژوهشنامه مدیریت اجرایی, 5, 16, 1395, 31-46.
حیدری چیانه, رحیم, قاسمی, وحید. (1395). 'بررسی تطبیقی خط مشی های توسعه گردشگری با تأکید بر روابط اجتماعی بین میزبان و مهمان مطالعه موردی: ایران و ترکیه', پژوهشنامه مدیریت اجرایی, 5(16), pp. 31-46.
حیدری چیانه, رحیم, قاسمی, وحید. بررسی تطبیقی خط مشی های توسعه گردشگری با تأکید بر روابط اجتماعی بین میزبان و مهمان مطالعه موردی: ایران و ترکیه. پژوهشنامه مدیریت اجرایی, 1395; 5(16): 31-46.

بررسی تطبیقی خط مشی های توسعه گردشگری با تأکید بر روابط اجتماعی بین میزبان و مهمان مطالعه موردی: ایران و ترکیه

برنامه ریزی و توسعه گردشگری
مقاله 2، دوره 5، شماره 16، خرداد 1395، صفحه 31-46    اصل مقاله (470.72 K)
نوع مقاله: علمی-پژوهشی
نویسندگان
رحیم حیدری چیانه* 1؛ وحید قاسمی2
1دانشیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه تبریز
2دانشجوی دکتری اقتصاد و کسب‌وکار، دانشگاه کالیاری ایتالیا
تاریخ دریافت: 28 تیر 1394،  تاریخ بازنگری: 01 خرداد 1395،  تاریخ پذیرش: 25 خرداد 1395 
چکیده
ایجاد زمینه­ های مناسب فرهنگی-اجتماعی در میان جوامع میزبان و مهمان در توسعه صنعت گردشگری، ضرورت انکارناپذیری دارد. با توجه به شرایط اقتصادی ایران و نیاز اساسی آن به ایجاد اشتغال از یک سو و نیز تجارب نسبتاً موفق ترکیه در توسعه و برنامه­ ریزی گردشگری از سوی دیگر، مهم­ترین ضرورت­ های پژوهش حاضر را شامل می­ شوند. بررسی تطبیقی خط­ مشی­ های توسعه گردشگری در ایران و ترکیه، مطالعه و تحلیل روابط اجتماعی بین جامعه میزبان و مهمان و تأثیر آن بر توسعه گردشگری این کشورها، محورها و اهداف اصلی تحقیق حاضرند. در جهت دستیابی به اهداف این پژوهش از روش تحقیق اسنادی و میدانی استفاده شده و بر پایه نظر کارشناسان، 8 عامل مهم و موثر به مثابه مولفه­ های بررسی روابط اجتماعی بین میزبان و مهمان تعیین شده­ است. نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان م ی­دهد که دلایل تجربه موفق ترکیه در حوزه گردشگری عبارتند از: نهادینه­ سازی چهارچوب مفهومی مناسب از صنعت گردشگری، ارائه تصویر مناسب از جوامع میزبان به گردشگران، افزایش ظرفیت­ های اجتماعی مهمان­ نوازی در میان آنها، استفاده از پتانسیل­ های فرهنگ محلی (بومی) برای افزایش جذابیت مقاصد گردشگری، اتخاذ راهبردهای موثر تبلیغی، عقد قراردادهای مستقل وزارت گردشگری با عمده فروشان تور، برگزاری جشن­های خاص فرهنگی و فستیوال­ های بین­ المللی. یافته­ های پژوهش در مورد ایران نشان می­ دهد که ایران علی رغم جایگاه ممتاز خود در نقشه جهانی گردشگری، سهم بسیار اندکی از بازارهای جهانی گردشگری دارد که عمدتا ریشه در چالش­ های متعدد اجتماعی – فرهنگی دارد. ایران می تواند به عنوان یکی از مقاصد جذاب منطقه، با سیاست­گذاری­ های مناسب و هدفمند توسعه گردشگری و تامل در تجارب کشورهایی همچون ترکیه گام بردارد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
توسعه گردشگری؛ بررسی تطبیقی؛ تعامل فرهنگی اجتماعی؛ ایران؛ ترکیه
عنوان مقاله [English]
Tourism Development Policies in Iran and Turkey: A Comparative Approach With Special References to Socio-cultural Interactions Relationship between Guests and Hosts
نویسندگان [English]
Rahim Heydari Chianeh1؛ Vahid Ghasemi2
1Associate Professor in Geography and Urban Planning, University of Tabriz
2Ph.D. Student in Economics and Business, University of Cagliari, Italy
چکیده [English]
Extended Abstract
This study was carried out with the aim of allocating relevant factors for such effective socio-cultural interactions relationship between guests and hosts to find out the importance of them. Result shows that the most important factors of this study are importance of an appropriate social interactions relationship between hosts and guests, act respectfully to the host culture to avoid cultural clashes, informing tourist about culture and tradition of host community, hospitality and the appropriate welcoming, the satisfaction of tourist from cultural exchanges, festivals and special events, the tourists satisfaction from police behavior and the opportunity to have cultural contact. 
 
Introduction
Undoubtedly, the role of tourism in economic development, enhances community well-being and reduces regional disparities through its own mechanisms including employment opportunities, relevance redistribution of economic resources, such as tourists spent money, increase of economic leakage and multiplier effect rate, are so for some of developing countries is important which some of scholars such as Britton, Turner and De Kadt have considered it as relevance developing scenario, and even like a passport for them. Hence producing appropriate socio-cultural conspectus between host and guest communities in terms of social and economic growth and development of them is an undeniable necessity.
Tourism can positively influence the live standards of residents increasing their income, creating new job opportunities, improving the local infrastructure, increasing the availability of entertainment facilities, promoting the local identity, etc; however tourism has also the potential of creating negative impacts by increasing the cost of living and micro-crimes, exacerbating overcrowding and traffic congestion, altering the ecosystem.
Considering Iran’s economy circumstance and its essential need to making employment opportunities on the one hand, and also Turkey’s relatively successful experience in the tourism developing and planning on the other hand, are main purposes of the present research. The comparative study of Iran and Turkey’s tourism polices, investigation and analyses of the social interaction between host and guest and its impact on tourism development in these countries are main objectives and frames.
 
Materials and Methods
In order to achieve the aims of this study, documentary and field work survey have conducted and based on scholar s’ opinion, eight important and effective factors were designed as criterion investigation of the interaction between host and guest. It is asked from both Iran and Turkey’s inbound tourists through questionnaire, and then it is run SPSS and Excel as two major statistical software and also statistical tests (Student's t-test, ANOVA, Chi-Square Test) for comparing them.
 
Discussion and Results
The results of the present study shows that institutionalization of relevance and rational conceptual framework of tourism industry and it’s positive, various and long-term effect on host communities, to provide proper image from host communities and local residents to tourists before and after the process of travel for understanding the social and cultural components and reducing the possible conflicts, enhance socio-cultural hospitality capacities in the communities through proper trainings among them, Infrastructure to participation of residents in the process of tourism development, using the potential of the local culture (native) to increase the attractiveness of tourism destinations, to take into consideration the effective approaches such as creating various web sites and multilingual TV channels, releasing the high amount of information about destinations and attractions features, making independent tourism ministry contracts with major tour operators and wholesalers specially from Europe and north America, conducting special cultural events and international festivals, were the reasons of Turkey’s successful experience in the realm of tourism. The results of this research reveal that despite of Iran’s privileged position in the global tourism map, Iran do have very slightly contribution in the world tourism marketing which mainly is caused of (due to) various socio-cultural challenges.
Conclusions
This study was carried out with the aim of allocating relevant factors for such effective socio-cultural interactions relationship between guests and hosts to find out the importance of them. Result shows that the most important factors of this study are importance of an appropriate social interactions relationship between hosts and guests, act respectfully to the host culture to avoid cultural clashes, informing tourist about culture and tradition of host community, hospitality and the appropriate welcoming, the satisfaction of tourist from cultural exchanges, festivals and special events, the tourists satisfaction from police behavior and the opportunity to have cultural contact. 
Iran as one of the most attractive destinations of the region, with taking appropriate policies and targeted development of tourism and with (by) considering to experiences of other countries like Turkey that has various social and economic commonalities with Iran would be able to advance towards one of the important and immemorial economic and cultural dreams that have had since long time ago, given that, most of successful global businesses have admitted that tourism is convenient and reliable resource to start this way.
 
Keywords: Tourism Development, Comparative Analysis, Socio-Cultural Interaction, Iran, Turkey.
 
References:

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Andereck, K.L., Valentine, K.M., Knopf, R.C. and Vogt, C.A. (2005). Residents’ perceptions of community tourism impacts, Annals of Tourism Research, 32(4): 1056-1076.
Ap, J. (1992). Residents' perceptions on tourism impacts, Annals of Tourism Research, 19(4): 665-690.
Besculides, A., Lee, M. E. and McCormick, P.J. (2002). Residents’ perceptions of the cultural benefits of tourism, Annals of Tourism Research, 29(2): 303-319.
Blanke, J. and Chiesa, T. (2013). The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013, In The World Economic Forum 2013.
Choi, H. C. and Sirakaya, E. (2006). Sustainability indicators for managing community tourism, Tourism Management, 27(6): 1274 – 1289.
Cohen, E. (1979). A phenomenology of tourist experiences, Sociology, 13(2): 179-201.
Dogan, Z.H. (1989). Forms of adjustment: Sociocultural impacts of tourism,   Annals of Tourism Research, 16(2): 216-236.
Doswell, R. (2009). Tourism: How effective management makes the difference, Routledge.
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Leiper, N. (1979). The framework of tourism: Towards a definition of tourism, tourist, and the tourist industry, Annals of Tourism Research, 6(4): 390-407.
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White, N.R. and White, P.B. (2009). The comfort of strangers: Tourists in the Australian outback, International Journal of Tourism Research, 11(2): 143-153.

 
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
Tourism Development, Comparative Analysis, Socio-Cultural Interaction, Iran, Turkey
مراجع
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    1. Alipour, H. & Heydari C. R. (2005) .Tourism Revival and Planning in Islamic Republic of Iran: Challenges and Prospects, Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 16(1): 39-61.
    2. Andereck, K. L., Valentine, K. M., Knopf, R. C., & Vogt, C. A. (2005). Residents’ perceptions of community tourism impacts, Annals of tourism research, 32(4): 1056-1076.

10. Ap, J. (1992). Residents' perceptions on tourism impacts, Annals of tourism Research, 19(4): 665-690.

11. Besculides, A., Lee, M. E., & McCormick, P. J. (2002). Residents’ perceptions of the cultural benefits of tourism, Annals of Tourism Research, 29(2): 303-319.

12. Blanke, J., & Chiesa, T. (2013). The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013, In The World Economic Forum 2013.

13. Choi, H. C., & Sirakaya, E. (2006). Sustainability indicators for managing community tourism, Tourism Management, 27(6) : 1274 – 1289.

14. Cohen, E. (1979). A phenomenology of tourist experiences, Sociology, 13(2): 179-201.

15. Dogan, Z. H. (1989). Forms of adjustment: Socio-cultural impacts of tourism,  Annals of Tourism Research, 16(2): 216-236.

16. Goldsmith, R. E., & Tsiotsou, R. H. (2012). Implementing relationship marketing in hospitality and tourism management, Strategic Marketing in Tourism Services, Bingley, UK: Emerald, 139-146.

17. Gursoy, D., & Rutherford, D. (2004). Host Attitudes Toward Tourism. An improved Structural Model, Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3): 495-516.

18. Hartmann, W. R. (2010). Demand estimation with social interactions and the implications for targeted marketing, Marketing science, 29(4): 585-601.

19. Lam, D., & So, A. (2013). Do happy tourists spread more word-of-mouth? The mediating role of life satisfaction, Annals of Tourism Research, 43: 646-650.

20. Leiper, N. (1979). The framework of tourism: Towards a definition of tourism, tourist, and the tourist industry, Annals of tourism research, 6(4): 390-407.

21. Litvin, S. W., Goldsmith, R. E., & Pan, B. (2008). Electronic word-of-mouth in hospitality and tourism management, Tourism management, 29(3): 458-468.

22. McIntash, R. W., & Goeldner, C.R. (1990). Tourism Principles, Practices and Philosophies,New York: John Wiley and Sons.

23. Moscovici S. (2001). Why a Theory of Social Representations?, In Deaux K., Philogène G. (Eds), Representations of the Social, Blackwell, Oxford, PP: 8-35.

  1. 24.  Mowforth, M., & Munt,  I. M. (1998). Tourism and Sustainability: New Tourism in the Third World, London: Routledge.

25. Murphy, L. (2001). Exploring social interactions of backpackers, Annals of Tourism Research, 28(1): 50-67.

26. Murphy, P.E. (1985). Tourism: A Community Approach, New York and London: Methuen.

27. Pearce, P. L., Moscardo, G., & Ross, G. F. (1996). Tourism community relationships, Oxford: Pergamon.

28. Reed, M. G. (1997). Power relations and community-based tourism planning, Annals of tourism research, 24(3): 566-591

29. Richards, G., & Wilson, J. (Eds.). (2004). The global nomad: Backpacker travel in theory and practice, Channel View Publications.

30. Sheldon, P. J., & Abenoja T. A. (2001). Resident Attitudes in Mature Destination: the case of Waikiki, Tourism Management, 22(5): 435-443.

31. Smith, V. L. (Ed.). (1989). Hosts and guests: The anthropology of tourism (2nd Ed.), Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.

32. TC Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı. (2014). Kültür Varlıkları ve Güzeler Genel Müdürlüğü, Retrieved from http://www.kulturvarliklari.gov.tr/TR,44394/dunya-miras-listesinde-turkiye.html.

33. Thyne, M., Davies, S., & Nash, R. (2005). A lifestyle segmentation analysis of the backpacker market in Scotland: A case study of the Scottish Youth Hostel Association, Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 5(2-4): 95-119.

34. UNWTO .(2013). Tourism Highlights, Retrieved from http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourismhighlights-2014-edition.

35. Waitt, G. (2000). Consuming heritage: Perceived historical authenticity, Annals of tourism research, 27(4): 835-862.

36. Wearing, S. (2001). Volunteer tourism: Experiences that make a difference, Cabi.

37. White, N. R., & White, P. B. (2009). The comfort of strangers: Tourists in the Australian outback,  International Journal of Tourism Research, 11(2): 143-153.

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