پیوندهای مفید
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 30 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 451 |
| تعداد مقالات | 4,349 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 6,951,745 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 5,163,014 |
رسیدگی به پولشویی و اثبات آن در پرتو سیاست جنایی تقنینی-قضایی ایران و استانداردهای FATF | ||
| پژوهشنامه حقوق تطبیقی | ||
| مقاله 6، دوره 5، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 8، مهر 1400، صفحه 111-137 اصل مقاله (478.75 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: علمی پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22080/lps.2021.22541.1275 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| امیر جمالی حاجیانی1؛ اسماعیل عبدالهی* 2؛ احمد میرزایی3 | ||
| 1دانشجوی دکتری گروه حقوق،دانشکده علوم انسانی، واحد بوشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بوشهر، ایران. | ||
| 2استادیار گروه حقوق، دانشکده علوم انسانی، واحد بوشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بوشهر، ایران. | ||
| 3استادیار گروه حقوق، دانشکده علوم انسانی، واحد بوشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بوشهر، ایران | ||
| تاریخ دریافت: 06 آبان 1399، تاریخ بازنگری: 16 دی 1399، تاریخ پذیرش: 26 اسفند 1399 | ||
| چکیده | ||
| در سال‌های اخیر بزه پولشویی به عنوان یکی از منابع مهم تأمین مالی تروریسم در کانون توجه جامعه ی جهانی و نظام‌های حقوقی ملی قرار گرفته است. در این راستا، FATF به منظور پیشگیری و مبارزه با پولشویی ضمن تشویق کشورها به جرم‌انگاری آن در حقوق داخلی، استانداردهای حداقلی را تنظیم و تبعیت از آنها را به دولت‌ها توصیه کرده است. ویژگی‌های خاص پولشویی و تنوع روش‌های ارتکاب آن، مقامات قضایی کشورها را در رسیدگی به این جرم و اثبات آن با مشکلات عدیده‌ای روبه رو کرده است. FATF در سال 2018 با برگزاری کارگاهی آموزشی برای مقامات قضایی کشورها به تشریح استانداردهای لازم در رسیدگی قضایی و اثبات آن پرداخت و ضمن ارائه ی توصیه‌‌هایی در زمینه ی عنصر روانی و تعدیل اصل برائت، بر عدم وابستگی اثبات پولشویی بر اثبات جرم منشاء تأکید کرد. نوشتار حاضر بر آن است با بهره‌گیری از روش توصیفی-تحلیلی، ضمن تبیین استانداردهای مذکور رویکرد سیاست جنایی تقنینی-قضایی ایران را بررسی کند تا میزان همسویی با این استانداردها مشخص و مشکلات یا خلاءهای احتمالی روشن شود. در این راستا، پس از بررسی موازین و چارچوب سیاست جنایی ایران که عمدتاً در قانون مبارزه با پولشویی مصوب 1386 (اصلاحی 1397) و آیین‌نامه اجرایی آن، نظریات مشورتی اداره حقوقی قوه قضائیه و پاره‌ای از آرای محاکم دادگستری متبلور است، مشخص می‌شود که سیاست جنایی تقنینی-قضایی ایران در بخشی از این قواعد، مطابق با استانداردهای FATF رفتار کرده است و در مواردی نیز به علت عدم مطابقت، مشکلات و خلاءهایی به ویژه در امر رسیدگی قضایی به پولشویی وجود دارد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| پولشویی؛ سیاست جنایی؛ اصل برائت؛ جرم منشاء؛ FATF؛ تحصیل مال نامشروع | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Prosecution and Proof of Money-Laundering in the Light of Iran’s Legislative-Judicial Criminal Policy and FATF Standards | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Amir Jamali Hajiani1؛ Esmaeil Abdollahi2؛ Ahmad Mirzaei3 | ||
| 1PhD Student, Department of Law, Faculty of Humanities, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran. | ||
| 2Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran. | ||
| 3Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr , Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| In recent years, money-laundering offence has seen a surge in interest from the international community and the national legal systems as an important conduit for financing terrorism. Against this backdrop, FATF has formulated minimum standards and urged the states to comply with them, hoping to prevent and combat money-laundering while at the same time encouraging the countries to criminalize it in their domestic laws. Money-laundering takes place in a diverse variety of ways, and has many particularities. This has deeply troubled judicial authorities engaged in prosecution and proof of the offence. In 2018, the FATF set up an educational workshop to instruct judicial authorities from different countries on the imperative standards in judicial prosecution and proof of money-laundering. It also provided points on the issue of Mens rea and the modification of the principle of innocence and emphasized that proving money-laundering does not depend on proving the primary offence. In addition to explicating the standards mentioned above, this article aims to explore Iran’s legislative-judicial approach to criminal policy by the use of the descriptive-analytical method. It seeks to elucidate the extent to which current practices are in line with these standards, and also shed light on the existing drawbacks and lacunae. To achieve this goal, the principles and the framework of Iran’s criminal policy in Anti-Money Laundering Law adopted in 2008 (amended in 2018) and its executive guidelines, as well as consultative views of the legal department of the judiciary and a number of judgments of the courts of justice are discussed. The article then concludes that Iran’s legislative-judicial criminal policy has adhered to the FATF’s standards in some regards, while defying these standards in other cases, thereby creating drawbacks and lacunae, notably in judicial prosecution of money-laundering. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Money Laundering, Criminal Policy, Principle of Innocence, Predicate Offence, FATF, Acquisition of Illegitimate Property | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Aghalare Salses, S. (2018). Iran’s judicial criminal policy against the crime of illegal acquisition of property, Tehran: Mizan Publications. [In Persian] Akbari, A., Malmir, M., & Pourbafrani, H. (2017). The concept and fundamental of infraction in the principle of innocence. Journal of Contemporary Legal Studies. 8(14), 1-29. [In Persian] Akrami, R. (2020). The proof of mental element of intentional crime in Islamic jurisprudence and United States law. Journal of Islamic Law. 17(66), 103-127. [In Persian] Azamayesh, A. (2016). The proceeding of seminar on United Nations Convention against corruption: Achievements and challenges, Tehran: Mizan Publications. [In Persian] Bagherzadegan, A. (2018). Examining different interpretations of the crime of illegal acquisition property. Journal of Knowledge of Law and Finance, 2(3), 5-21. [In Persian] Bjerregaard, E., & Kirchmaier, T. (2019). The Danske Bank money laundering scandal: A case study (September 2, 2019). Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3446636 Chelongar, E. (2018). Money laundering methods and related laws in Iranian law, Tehran: Khorsandi Publications. [In Persian] Fakour, H. (2009). A Study on criminalizing human cloning in Iranian statutes. Journal of Medical Law, 3(11), 145-170. [In Persian] FATF. (2012-2021). International standards on combating money laundering and financing terrorism and proliferation. FATF, Paris, France .Available at: www.fatf-gafi.org FATF–Egmont Group. (2020). Trade-based money laundering: Trends and developments. FATF, Paris, France. Available at: www. fatf-gafi.org FATF. (2018). FATF president's paper: Anti-money laundering and counter terrorist financing for judges and prosecutors. FATF, Paris, France. Available at: www.fatf-gafi.org FATF. (2018). Professional money laundering. FATF, Paris, France. Available at: www.fatf-gafi.org FATF. (2010). Money laundering through money remittance and currency exchange providers. FATF, Paris Available at: www.fatf-gafi.org FATF. (2010). Money laundering using trust and company service providers. FATF, Paris, Available at: www.fatf-gafi.org FATF. (2009). Vulnerabilities of casinos and gaming sector. FATF, Paris, Available at: www.fatf-gafi.org FATF. (2006). Trade-based money laundering. FATF, Paris. Available at: https://www.fatf-gafi.org Fayzi Chakab, Gh. N., & Ahangari, S. (2019). Financial action task force: FATF (structure, goals & legal-economic consequences for Iran), Tehran: Commercial Publishing Company Publications. [In Persian] FPS Justice. (2016-2017). Rapport annuel sur le contentieux de la Belgique devant la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme. Available at: https://justice.belgium.be Goldouzian, I. (2017). Précis du Droit pénal spécial, Tehran: Mizan Publications. [In Persian] Katouzian, N. (2016). Civil law (in the current legal system), Mizan Publications. [In Persian] Kermanshahi, S. S., & Moayyad, A. A. S. (2017). Economic criminal law money laundering., Tehran: Mizan Publications. [In Persian] Kleemans, E. R. (2012). Organized crime and the visible hand: A theoretical critique on the economic analysis of organized crime. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 13(5), 29-615. Available at: https://journals.sagepub.com. Lazerges, CH. (2011). Introduction à LA POLITIQUE CRIMINELLE. Traduit en person par ALI – Hossein Nadjafi, Tehran: Mizan publications. [In Persian] Marcus, Jonathan L. (1993). Model penal Code Section 2.02(7) and willful blindness, Yale Law Journal Company, 102(8), 2231-2257. Available at https://doi.org/10.2307/796865. Mehra, N., & Zahedi, A. (2015). The new approach of criminal law in proving defenses, Journal of Judiciary Law, 79(90), 63-84. [In Persian] Nemes, I. (2008). Therapeutic cloning in Australia: One small stem from man, one giant leap for mankind, Journal of Law and Medicine, vol. 16, 139–160. Ramazani, M., & Alizadeh, A. (2014). Criminal policy, tools, authorities and authorities involved in judicial criminal policy. KARAGAH Scientific Journal, 7(25), 121-162. [In Persian] Rostami, H. (2019). Obtain property by unlawful in the light of money laundering regulations. Journal of Criminal law and Criminology Studies, 49(2), 397-417. [In Persian] Sadeghi, H. M. M. (2017). Offences against property, Tehran: Mizan Publications. [In Persian] Saki, M. (2020). Introducing the crime of money laundering, Tehran: Judiciary Press and Publications Center. [In Persian] Schott, P. A. (2006). Reference guide to anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism. 2nd eds. and supplement on special recommendation IX. [Washington, D.C.], The World Bank: International Monetary Fund. DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-6513-7. Shamlu, B., & Moradi, M. (2013). Restrictions against fair trial guarantees in the light of security-oriented approach to money laundering. Journal of Judiciary Law, 77(81), 111-159. [In Persian] Shekofteh Gohari, M., & Janipour Eskolaki, M. (2018). Double criminality rule in International Criminal Law of Iran. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 5(10), 5-41. [In Persian] Soltanifard, H., Malmeir, M., & Alipour, H. (2017). Economic crimes criminal procedure: The connection between substance and process. Journal of Legal Studies, 10(3), 159-194. [In Persian] Tavassoli Naeini, M., Khosroshahi, Gh., & Nasrollahi, Z. (2016). The principle of equality of arms in preliminary investigation phase in Iran’s Criminal Procedure Code 2013 and international human rights instruments. Journal of Judiciary Law, 80(94), 71-94. [In Persian] UNESCO (2009). Report of IBC on human cloning and international governance. https://paperzz.com. United Nations Convention against illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances (1988). Available at: https://www.unodc.org. United Nations Convention against transnational organized crime (2000). Available at: https://www.unodc.org. UNODC (UN Office on Drugs and Crime). (2004). Convention against transnational organized crime. New York: UN. Available at: https://www.unodc.org. UNODC, Interpol, Transparency International. (2016-2020). Extractos de Doctrina y Jurisprudencia en materia de Blanqueo de Capitales para la República de Panamá. Available at: https://www.unodc.org. Hamin, Z., Rosli, W. R. W., Omar, N., & Mahmud, A. A. P. A. (2014). Configuring criminal proceeds in money laundering cases in the UK. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 17(4). DOI:10.1108/JMLC-11-2013-0047. Zarneshan, Sh., & shojaeinasr, M. (2018). The necessity of criminalizing money laundering independently of the crime of origin. Journal of Criminal Law Doctrines. 14(14), 173-199. [In Persian] Zul Kepli, M. Y., & Nasir, M. A. (2016). Money laundering: Analysis on the placement methods. International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, 11 (5), 32-40. ISSN 2289-1552. Available at: http://ijbel.com. https://www.amlc.eu /indirect-method-of-proof. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng https://justice.belgium.be | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 1,322 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 525 |
||