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مطالعه تطبیقی مسئولیت مدنی عامل زیان در برابر تماشاگر حادثه زیانبار در حقوق امریکا و طرح آن در حقوق ایران | ||
پژوهشنامه حقوق تطبیقی | ||
مقاله 9، دوره 8، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 13، فروردین 1403، صفحه 175-195 اصل مقاله (481.51 K) | ||
نوع مقاله: علمی پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22080/lps.2023.25403.1508 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
عباس میرشکاری* 1؛ زهرا تخشید2؛ مونا عبدی3 | ||
1استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی و اسلامی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. | ||
2استادیار گروه حقوق، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه دنور، امریکا. | ||
3دکتری حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران | ||
تاریخ دریافت: 15 اردیبهشت 1402، تاریخ بازنگری: 13 تیر 1402، تاریخ پذیرش: 27 آبان 1402 | ||
چکیده | ||
با پیشرفت حقوق مسئولیت مدنی در امریکا و توسعه خسارات قابل جبران به ویژه طی سالهای اخیر، یکی از مصادیق خسارات معنوی که به لحاظ عملی در پروندههای بسیاری مورد توجه قرار گرفت، قابلیت جبران خسارات روحی ناشی از تماشای حوادث ناگوار بود. فرض کنید الف شاهد وقوع حادثهای بوده که در آن، ب به ج زیانی را از روی عمد یا بیاحتیاطی وارد میکند. دیدن آسیب همنوع، بیگمان سخت و دردناک است اما پرسش این است که آیا الف به عنوان تماشاگر میتواند به خاطر تماشای این صحنه و ناراحتی که در او ایجاد شده، از عامل زیان مطالبه خسارت کند؟ در نظام حقوقی آمریکا، پس از طرح معیارهای مختلف از جمله قاعده ضربه، محدوده خطر، خسارت روحی تماشاگر و قابلیت پیشبینی، مشاهده آنی خویشاوندان نزدیک و قاعده آمبولانس، سرانجام، مسئولیت عامل زیان نسبت به تماشاگری که رابطه نزدیک با زیان دیده اصلی داشته، با شرایطی پذیرفته شده است که البته امروزه معیار تشخیص رابطه نزدیک با زیاندیده در اکثر ایالات امریکا، عرف است. در نظام حقوقی ایران نیز، به نظر میرسد صرف تماشای آسیب دیدن دیگری، زیان نباشد اما آنگاه که با زیاندیده اصلی، از پیش، عرفا رابطهای محکم و قابل اعتنا داشتهایم، ناراحتی ناشی از تماشای آسیب او، به عنوان زیان قابل تحلیل است. این پاسخ با تاکید بر عرف، به عنوان معیار تحقق زیان قابل تایید است. به هر روی، در مقاله پیشرو، تلاش میشود پاسخ پرسش یاد شده، در دو نظام حقوقی ایران و آمریکا ارائه شود و استدلالهایی در مورد قابلیت پذیرش این نوع خسارات در نظام حقوقی ایران ارائه گردد. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
مسئولیت مدنی؛ خسارت؛ زیان روحی؛ تماشاگر حادثه؛ قابلیت پیشبینی ضرر؛ شیوه های ارزیابی و محاسبه | ||
عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
Comparative Study of Tortfeasor, s Civil Liability to Bystander in the U.S Legal system and Bringing it up in Iranian Legal System | ||
نویسندگان [English] | ||
Abbas Mirshekari1؛ Zahra Takhshid2؛ Mona Abdi3 | ||
1Assistant Professor, Department of Private and Islamic Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. | ||
2Assistant Professor of Law, Sturm College of Law, University of Denver, U.S.A. | ||
3Ph. D in private law, Faculty of law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. | ||
چکیده [English] | ||
Imagine that A has witnessed an incident in which B injures or kills C. It is undoubtedly painful to witness, but does it also follow that one can recover damages for suffering emotional distress as the result of witnessing the accident? The recognition of the tort of negligent infliction of emotional harm, also known as NIED, has been one of the ways that tort law has attempted to provide a remedy for the emotionally injured. Nevertheless, the relatively new tort has raised many questions. In the U.S. legal system, different criteria have been proposed over the years to allow for NIED liability. For example, the impact rule and the zone of danger have been amongst the most popular. This Article focuses on the latest exception which is the bystander liability and its evolution. It is the liability to a person who witnesses a person being injured or killed due to the carelessness of another person. This Article compares the U.S. common law precedent with Iran’s civil liability regime and concludes that bystander emotional harm can also be recognized as a valid cause of action for redressing this type of emotional harm in the Iranian legal system. Bystander liability comes with the caveat of close relationship between the bystander and the injured individual. As such, this requirement should be based on the norms of the community that may differ from one another. | ||
کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
Damages, Civil Liability, Infliction of Emotional Distress, Bystanders Liability, Foreseeability, Methods of valuation and calculation | ||
مراجع | ||
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