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میرتقیان رودسری, سیّد محمّد, پورفرج, اکبر. (1402). گردشگری، از تعریف تا بازتعریف آن در دوران جدید. پژوهشنامه مدیریت اجرایی, 12(46), 7-45. doi: 10.22080/jtpd.2023.26010.3827
سیّد محمّد میرتقیان رودسری; اکبر پورفرج. "گردشگری، از تعریف تا بازتعریف آن در دوران جدید". پژوهشنامه مدیریت اجرایی, 12, 46, 1402, 7-45. doi: 10.22080/jtpd.2023.26010.3827
میرتقیان رودسری, سیّد محمّد, پورفرج, اکبر. (1402). 'گردشگری، از تعریف تا بازتعریف آن در دوران جدید', پژوهشنامه مدیریت اجرایی, 12(46), pp. 7-45. doi: 10.22080/jtpd.2023.26010.3827
میرتقیان رودسری, سیّد محمّد, پورفرج, اکبر. گردشگری، از تعریف تا بازتعریف آن در دوران جدید. پژوهشنامه مدیریت اجرایی, 1402; 12(46): 7-45. doi: 10.22080/jtpd.2023.26010.3827

گردشگری، از تعریف تا بازتعریف آن در دوران جدید

برنامه ریزی و توسعه گردشگری
مقاله 1، دوره 12، شماره 46، آبان 1402، صفحه 7-45    اصل مقاله (1.15 M)
نوع مقاله: علمی-پژوهشی
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22080/jtpd.2023.26010.3827
نویسندگان
سیّد محمّد میرتقیان رودسری1؛ اکبر پورفرج* 2
1کاندیدای دکتری، گروه مدیریت جهانگردی، دانشکدهٔ مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران.
2دانشیار، گروه مدیریت جهانگردی، دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران.
تاریخ دریافت: 20 شهریور 1402،  تاریخ بازنگری: 03 مهر 1402،  تاریخ پذیرش: 06 مهر 1402 
چکیده
زمینه و هدف: در روند تحولات پرشتاب جهان، گردشگری، دیگر فقط سیر آفاق، عبرت­گیری و تجربه­اندوزی اخلاقی نیست، بلکه به مثابه پدیده ­ای معناساز بر اساس درک و فهم کنشگران از آن، ذیل زمینه­ مندی اقتصادی-فرهنگی در هر جامعه تعریف می­ شود. تنوع و تعدد کنشگران و زمینه­ های شکل ­گیری گردشگری، منجر به شکل­ گیری تعاریف رنگارنگی از گردشگری شده است. در بررسی تعاریف موجود، مشخصه­ ها و ویژگی ­هایی از گردشگری استخراج شد که تحت عنوان اصول بنیادی و مطلوب گردشگری تقسیم ­بندی می ­شدند، اما هیچ یک از تعاریف، این اصول و ویژگی ­ها را به طور هم­زمان در بر نمی ­گرفتند. با وجود این، حتی اگر تعریفی، همۀ آن­ها را شامل شود، ویژگی ­های ضروری دیگری برای درک و توصیف گردشگری به عنوان یک فعالیت چندبُعدی وجود دارند که ضروری هستند، اما کنار گذاشته یا نادیده گرفته شدند. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، استخراج و استقرای ویژگی ­های کنار گذاشته یا نادیده گرفته شده گردشگری به منظور بازتعریف آن است.
روش­ شناسی: پژوهش حاضر از نظر هدف، توصیفی-اکتشافی، از نظر مخاطب، یک پژوهش بنیادی و بر اساس نحوۀ گردآوری داد­ه ­ها از نوع پژوهش آمیخته (کمّی-کیفی) است.
یافته­ ها: یافته ­ها در قالب تعاریف و ویژگی ­های موجود گردشگری (تز)، ویژگی ­های نادیده گرفته ­شدۀ گردشگری (آنتی ­تز) و تفسیر و ترکیب ویژگی ­های موجود و نادیده گرفته ­شدۀ گردشگری و بازتعریف آن (سنتز) گزارش شدند.
نتیجه ­گیری و پیشنهادات: به عنوان نتیجۀ مهم این پژوهش، برای تعریف نمودن گردشگری، ابتدا می ­بایست آبشخور فلسفی و رویکردی تعریف و جایگاه آن در نظام ارزشی جامعه مشخص گردد؛ اینکه عرضه­ محور، تقاضامحور و یا کل ­گرایانه است. همچنین در درون هر رویکرد نیز باید ویژگی ­های کامل آن رویکرد لحاظ شود. برای این کار می­ توان مفاهیم را مقوله ­بندی و عنصرسازی نمود تا تعریف در دل کلمات و مفاهیم گم نشود و سپس در یک پیوست، مقوله ­ها و عناصر را تشریح نمود.
نوآوری و اصالت: با ترکیب تعاریف موجود و عناصر شناسایی شدۀ جدید، با تأکید بر اینکه "گردشگری، گردشگری است"، بازتعریفی از گردشگری ارائه گردید.
کلیدواژه‌ها
گردشگری؛ اصطلاحات؛ معنا؛ تعریف؛ بازتعریف گردشگری
عنوان مقاله [English]
Tourism, From Definition to Redefinition in the New Era
نویسندگان [English]
Seyyed Mohammad Mirtaghian Rudsari1؛ Akbar Pourfaraj2
1Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Tourism Management, Faculty of Management & Accounting, Allame Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran.
2Associate Professor of Tourism Management, Faculty of Management & Accounting, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]
Context and Purpose: In the process of rapid changes in the world, tourism is no longer just a journey of horizons, learning lessons, and moral experience, but is defined as a meaning-making phenomenon based on the actors' understanding of it under the economic-cultural background in every society. The diversity and multiplicity of actors and fields of tourism formation have led to the formation of colorful definitions of tourism. In the review of the existing definitions, characteristics and features of tourism were extracted and divided under the title of fundamental and desirable principles of tourism, but none of the definitions included these principles and features at the same time. However, even if a definition includes all of the principles, there are other essential features to understand and describe tourism as a multidimensional activity that is necessary but left out or ignored. The main goal of this research is to extract and infer the abandoned or neglected characteristics of tourism in order to redefine it.
Design/methodology/approach: The current research follows a descriptive-exploratory method in terms of its purpose and is a mixed study, composed of both quantitative and qualitative approaches.  In terms of the audience, this study is basic research.
Findings: The findings were reported in the form of existing definitions and characteristics of tourism (thesis), neglected characteristics of tourism (antithesis), and interpretation and combination of existing and neglected characteristics of tourism and its redefinition (synthesis).
Conclusion: As an important result of this research, in order to define tourism, it is necessary to first define the philosophical source and approach of definition and its position in the value system of the society; is it supply-oriented, demand-oriented, or holistic? In addition, within each approach, the full features of that approach should be considered. For this purpose, the concepts can be categorized and elementized so that the definition is not lost in the heart of words and concepts, and then the categories and elements are described in a continuum.
Originality/value: By emphasizing that "tourism is tourism", a redefinition of tourism was presented by combining existing definitions and newly identified elements.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
Tourism, Terminology, Meaning, Definition, Redefinition
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