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بررسی اهلیت توانخواهان در پرتو کنوانسیون حقوق معلولان و حقوق ایران | ||
پژوهشنامه حقوق تطبیقی | ||
مقاله 3، دوره 9، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 17، فروردین 1404 | ||
نوع مقاله: علمی پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22080/lps.2024.26306.1578 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
آرتین جهانشاهی* 1؛ محبوبه مینا2 | ||
1دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی و اسلامی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران | ||
2استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی و اسلامی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران | ||
تاریخ دریافت: 10 مرداد 1402، تاریخ بازنگری: 01 دی 1402، تاریخ پذیرش: 26 خرداد 1403 | ||
چکیده | ||
وضعیت حقوقی اهلیت برخی از انواع معلولان، به ویژه افراد با اختلالهای ذهنی و روانی به علت ضغف و نقص در اهلیت روانی، همواره محل بحث در نظامهای حقوقی بوده است. از منظر کنوانسیون حقوق معلولان و نظریه تفسیری کارگروه، توانخواهان، صرفنظر از نوع و شدت اختلالها دارای اهلیت استیفا میباشند و معلولیت نمیتواند مبنای قانونی برای محدودسازی اهلیت استیفای فرد و جواز دخالت دیگری در تصمیمگیریهای مربوط به توانخواه بدون توجه به اراده و رجحان او باشد. مبنای این نظر حقوق بشری تفکیک میان دو مفهوم اهلیت قانونی و اهلیت روانی است. نظریه تفسیری کارگروه حقوق معلولان ضمن دفاع از لغو کلیه اشکال قیمومت، معیار رجحان و اراده را مطرح کرده است. با ابتنا بر اصولی چون خودمختاری، استقلال فردی و مشارکت فعال، در تصمیمگیریهای مربوط به فرد معلول بایستی ابتدا «اراده و رجحان» و در صورت عدم دسترسی به آن، «بهترین تفسیر از اراده و رجحان» و در آخرین گام «غبطه شخصی» اساس قرار گیرد. نوشتار حاضر با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و با استفاده از منابع کتابخانهای از جمله، ضمن تبیین رویکرد کنوانسیون و توسعه ادبیات آن، به بررسی موضوع در حقوق داخلی پرداخته است. نوشتار حاضر برخلاف نظر تفسیری، ضمن دفاع از محجور تلقی کردن برخی توانخواهان معتقد است، با توجه به اصول کنوانسیون، در حقوق ایران آن دسته از توانخواهانی که توانایی تصمیمگیری آنها تضعیف یافته است یا وضعیت ذهنی و روانی آنها دچار نقصان است اما این نقصان به حجر نمیرسد، بایستی دارای اهلیت فرض شده و ذیل عنوان عاجز تحلیل شود. در خصوص قیمومت، با عنایت بر کارکردهای آن، مقاله حاضر پیشنهادهایی جهت اصلاح قوانین ارائه داده است. در حقوق ایران، معیارهای شناسایی شده در کنوانسیون، در سطح بخشنامه قضایی در حوزه دادرسی انعکاس یافته است که اقدامی درخور توجه و در عین حال نیازمند توسعه است. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
اهلیت قانونی؛ اهلیت روانی؛ اراده؛ رجحان؛ خودمختاری؛ عاجز؛ معلول | ||
عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
Examining the Capacity of disabled persons in the light of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Iranian Law | ||
نویسندگان [English] | ||
Artin Jahanshahi1؛ Mahboubeh Mina2 | ||
1PhD student in Private and Islamic Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran | ||
2Assistant Professor, Department of Private and Islamic Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran | ||
چکیده [English] | ||
The legal status of persons with disabilities, particularly those with mental and psychological disorders resulting in weakened mental capacity, has long been a topic of discussion within legal systems.According to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the general comment of the Committee individuals with disabilities have the right to legal standing, regardless of the severity or type of their impairments.Disability cannot serve as a legal basis for restricting an individual's rights or allowing interference in decisions related to them without their expressed will and preferences being acknowledged. In this human rights oriented opinion, the differentiation between legal capacity and mental capacity serves as the foundation.While defending the abolition of all forms of guardianship, the comment of the Committee has proposed the criterion of will.When making decisions related to a disabled individual, it is crucial to consider principles such as autonomy, individual independence, and active participation.In doing so, the first step should be to take into account "will and preference." If not available, the next step is to determine the best interpretation of their will and preference.Finally, decisions should be based on what would bring personal fulfillment to the individual. Contrary to the general comment, while defending the exclusion of some of them from legal agency, this article believes that, according to the principles of the Convention, in Iranian law those whose ability to make decisions is weakened or their mental condition is impaired, but this does not reach the incapacity, should be analyzed under the title of incapable.Taking into account its functions, this article has made suggestions to amend guardianship.In Iranian law, the criteria identified in the convention have been reflected at the level of the judicial directive in the judicial field, which is a measure worthy of attention and at the same time requires development. | ||
کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
legal Capacity, mental capacity, will, preference, autonomy incapable, disabled | ||
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