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بازپژوهش انتقادی شرط«پیش بینی پذیری زیان»درمسئولیت مدنی بر مبنای تحلیل اقتصادی ، مطالعه تطبیقی در حقوق ایران، فرانسه وکامن لا | ||
| پژوهشنامه حقوق تطبیقی | ||
| مقاله 10، دوره 10، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 21، فروردین 1405، صفحه 233-255 اصل مقاله (841.33 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: علمی پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22080/lps.2025.28109.1686 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| محسن قاسمی* | ||
| استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق، واحد تهران مرکز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. | ||
| تاریخ دریافت: 11 آذر 1403، تاریخ بازنگری: 27 بهمن 1403، تاریخ پذیرش: 11 فروردین 1404 | ||
| چکیده | ||
| هدف این مقاله تبیین وضعیت کنونی وجایگاه مطلوب وبایسته شرط«پیش بینی پذیری زیان» درحقوق مسئولیت مدنی معاصر براساس روش توصیفی- تحلیلی، تطبیقی وانتقادی است. شرط مزبور یکی از قواعد حقوق مسئولیت مدنی است که پس از نقد مبانی توجیه کننده آن ازدیدگاه نظریه های حقوقی کلاسیک وسنتی، براساس سنجش پیامدهای مثبت ومنفی آن درقالب الگوی اقتصادی تحلیل هزینه- فایده، در این نوشتار مورد تبیین وارزیابی واقع شده است. نقد تبیین های کلاسیک در مورد ماهیت وجایگاه حقوقی شرط«پیش بینی پذیری زیان» درحقوق ایران، فرانسه، انگلیس وآمریکا با توجه به نتایج تحلیل اقتصادی این شرط درحقوق کامن لا، نشان می دهد که این شرط که تاکنون به عنوان یکی از شرایط مستقل مسئولیت مدنی بر اساس مبانی گوناگونی همچون رابطه علیت عرفی ، تقصیر، ملاحظات اجتماعی(ضرورت حفظ امنیت روانی وجسارت لازم در زندگی اجتماعی وروابط شغلی وحرفه ای) وملاحظات اخلاقی(عدالت و انصاف ) توجیه می شده است، از دیدگاه تحلیل اقتصادی حقوق وحتی تحلیل رابطه علت ومعلولی عرفی، به عنوان یکی از شرایط مستقل مسئولیت مدنی قابل توجیه نیست وحتی به عنوان یکی ازموانع تحقق قوه قاهره(فورس ماژور) که درمواد227 و 229 قانون مدنی، ماده 386 قانون تجارت ومواد 500 ،514 و530 قانون مجازات اسلامی ایران لحاظ شده است، نیز محل تامل است. لذا به منظورحداکثرسازی پیشگیری از ورود زیان ازدیدگاه تحلیل اقتصادی حقوق، شایسته است که شرط مزبور از شمار شرایط مستقل قابل مطالبه بودن خسارت حذف گردد. در این راستا نسخ صریح مواد 509، 516 تا 518 و521 باب موجبات ضمان قانون مجازات اسلامی(مصوب 1392) ونظایر آن که متضمن «پیش بینی پذیری زیان» به عنوان یکی ازشرایط زیان قابل جبران است، موجه به نظر می رسد . | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| زیان؛ پیشبینی پذیری؛ علیت عرفی؛ تحلیل اقتصادی؛ پیشگیری؛ کامن لا | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Critical review of the condition of "foreseeability of loss" in civil liability based on economic analysis, a comparative study in Iran, France and Common Law | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Mohsen Ghasemi | ||
| Assistant Professor of Departement of Private Law, Faculty of Law, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The purpose of this article is to explain the current situation and the desirable and necessary condition of "foreseeability of loss" in contemporary civil liability law based on the descriptive-analytical, comparative and critical method. The aforementioned condition is one of the rules of civil liability law, which is explained and evaluated in this article after criticizing its justifying bases from the perspective of classical and traditional legal theories, based on the evaluation of its positive and negative consequences in the form of the economic model of cost-benefit analysis. Criticism of the classical explanations about the nature and legal position of the condition of "foreseeability of loss" in the laws of Iran, France, England and America according to the results of the economic analysis of this condition in common law shows that this condition, which has been justified as one of the independent conditions of civil liability based on various bases such as the relationship of customary causation, fault, social considerations (the need to maintain mental security and courage necessary in social life and professional relationships) and moral considerations (justice and fairness), from the point of view of the economic analysis of law and even the analysis of the customary cause and effect relationship , cannot be justified as one of the independent conditions of civil liability, and even as one of the obstacles to the realization of force majeure. Therefore,in order to maximize the prevention of losses from the point of view of the economic analysis of law, it is appropriate to remove this condition from the number of independent conditions for claiming damages. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Loss, Foreseeability, Causality, Economic analysis, Prevention, common law | ||
| مراجع | ||
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