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سنجش عیار نقره سکه‌های درهم عباسی قرن دوم هجری، متعلق به موزۀ ملی ایران، با استفاده از آزمایش XRF | ||
| مطالعات باستان شناسی دوران اسلامی Journal of Islamic Archaeology studies | ||
| مقاله 1، دوره 2، شماره 3، شهریور 1402، صفحه 7-25 اصل مقاله (759.08 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22080/jiar.2021.21262.1001 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| حسین صبری* 1؛ غلامرضا اعوانی2؛ فرح السادات مدنی3 | ||
| 1پژوهشگر آزاد | ||
| 2استاد انجمن حکمت و فلسفه ایران | ||
| 3کارشناس پژوهشکده مرمت پژوهشگاه سازمان میراث فرهنگی | ||
| تاریخ دریافت: 10 فروردین 1400، تاریخ پذیرش: 25 آبان 1400 | ||
| چکیده | ||
| پژوهش سکه‌ها اطلاعاتی بی‌واسطه و دست اول از فهم گذشته است. فناوری و بستر میان رشته‌ای می‌تواند ارزش مضاعفی ایجاد کند که شاید بدون آن دستیابی به آنها ممکن نباشد. داده‌های بدست آمده از آنالیز غیرمخرب اطلاعاتی تولید می کند که الزاما در متون تاریخی وجود ندارد؛ یا در سکه‌شناسی چون معمولا بستر پیدایی آنها نامشخص است نسبت به مواد فرهنگی بر جا دچار نقصان هستند و نمی‌توان در این زمینه نظری ارائه داد. برای سنجش خلوص نقرۀ تعدادی از سکه‌های قرن دوم هجری خلافت عباسی که از گنجینۀ موزۀ ملی ایران هستند، از دستگاه XRF قابل حمل استفاده شد. نتایج حاصله که به روش کمّی- کیفی به دست آمد مورد مطالعۀ آماری قرار گرفت. از بین نتایج حاصل، به غیر از نقره که در سکه‌های درهم محور و فرض اصلی مقاله است، به دو فلز مس و سرب در سکه‌ها نیز توجه شد زیرا ضمن ارتباطی تنگاتنگ با نقره، در مسائل مختلفی از جمله عیار نقره و مسائل فنی تعیین کننده هستند. ضمن ترسیم جداول و نمودارها، عیار نقره بر اساس درصد وزنی به دست آمد که تفسیر آنها گویای عیار بیشتر سکه‌های مرکز خلافت، مدینه‌السلام، و تمایزشان از سکه‌های ضرابخانه‌های دیگر است. ضمن این که برخی ناخالصی‌های شاخص، مس و سرب، در سکه‌های مدینه‌السلام کمتر از گروه سکه‌های دیگر است. می‌توان ناخالصی‌های مربوط به مس را موثر در عیار دانست به این نحو که احتمالا آگاهانه به ترکیب فلزی اضافه می‌شد و ناخالصی‌های مربوط به سرب را به دلیل عدم تأثیرگذاری در عیار، اهمال‌کاری فنی تلقی کرد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| آنالیز عنصری سکه؛ XRF قابل حمل؛ مدینه‌السلام؛ آلیاژ سکه؛ سنجش عیار نقره | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Silver Finesse of Coinage of 2nd AH, from the collection of National Museum of Iran, Using XRF Method | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| hossein sabri1؛ Gholamreza avani2؛ Farah Madani3 | ||
| 1independent researcher | ||
| 2Emeritus, Iranian Philosophical Society | ||
| 3Expert, cultural heritage research center | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Silver Finesse of Coinage of 2nd AH, from the collection of National Museum of Iran, Using XRF Method Introduction Investigating coins reveals firsthand and immediate information to understand “past”. Enjoying technology and providing an interdisciplinary context can extract physical and chemical data, which potentially gain double relevant value inaccessible in the absence of the technology. The data that achieved by such nondestructive analyzing methods result most valuable information which necessarily is absent in historical written sources or numismatics naturally lacks it, because of unknown archaeological provenance, comparing to in situ material culture. XRF portable device used to measure silver finesse of some Abbasid coins of 2nd AH century. The authors statistically studied the results that achieved quantitative-qualitatively. The consequent finesse, as weight percentage, indicates that finesse of capital city of Madinat al-Salam is distinguished and higher than silver finesse of coins from the other mints. Furthermore, the former has lower characteristic metal impurities, copper and lead, comparing to the coins of mints other than capital city. One can suggest copper impurity as intentional addition to manipulate alloy finesse, whereas lead impurity as technical negligence and with no effect on finesse. Materials and Methods Some 41 coins of Madinat al-Salam and other mints picked up of the collection of National Museum of Iran, while 24 minted in Madinat al-Salam, the capital, and the other 17 ones coined in the other mints. A portable XRF instrument used to analyze the coins. The experiment focused on silver, as the base of dirhams, copper and lead. The results placed on charts and statistically analyzed. Results Despite of physical similarities of the coins, rate of copper in the coins of the capital, Madinat al-Salam, is lower than the coins of other mints, while the rate of lead follows the same equality, where it is higher in the out of capital coins. The copper rate has inverse ratio to the silver finesse, whereas the former decreases when the latter increases, and vice versa. However, statistical analysis indicates no relevance between fluctuation of lead and silver finesse, while getting away from capital, Madinat al-Salam causes higher rate of lead. Conclusions The authors suggest an intention in higher purification of the Madinat al-Salam dirhams, in which the authorities attempted to manipulate the rate of copper and present finer dirhams for the capital, however, we do not know why. One can suggest the fluctuation of lead as a technological relevance, which means further distance from the capital leads to more rate of lead that probably rooted in weakness of facilities at outer mints as a relevance to Political sovereignty. It means harder purification of silver, however, there is no meaningful connection between rates of lead and copper. Funding Present paper used postdoctoral Allameh Tabatabaei fund of Iranian National Elite Foundation, which hosted by Dr. Gholamreza Avani. Authors’ Contribution Hossein Sabri, Postdoctoral fellow (author); Dr. Gholamreza Avani (author); Farah Sadat Madani (author, laboratory activities). Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interests. References Ibn Isfandiar, Mohammad ibn Hasan. (1389). Tarikh-i-Tabaristan. Corrected by Abbas Eghbal Ashtiani. Asatir Publication. Haj Valiei, Mahdi, Sodaei, Bita. (1394). Application X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (WDXRF) in the studies of Sassanian Silver Coins. 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(1999). “chemical analysis of some Umayyad dirhams minted at Wasit”, Journal of economic and social history of the orient 42 (3): 351-363. Bacharach Jere L. & Gordus Adon A. (1972). “The Purity of Sasanian Silver Coins: An ntroduction”, Journal of the American Oriental Society 92 (2): 280-283. Gordus, Adon A. (1954). “Neutron Activation Analysis of Coins and Coin-Streaks”, Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan. Jozi, Zohrh, Masjedi Khak, PArasto, Nosrati Alireza. (2019). Elemental Analysis of Silver Coins during the Umayyads through the PIXE Method. INTERDISCIPLINARIA ARCHAEOLOGICA NATURAL SCIENCES IN ARCHAEOLOGY, Vol. X. Issue 1. Pp. 65-75. Shams Eshragh, A.,Silver Coinage of The caliphs, 2010, 2nd ed., Spink & Son Ltd. Thompson, Michael. )2009). “Portable X ray fluorescence analysis”, AMCTB, Analytical Methods Committee, Royal society of chemistry, no. 41. Smith, P. (1998). Learning to cite using APA Style. Journal of College Writing, 6, 60513. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| analysis, PXRF, Madinat al-Salam, alloy, silver finesse assessment | ||
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