تبیین عوامل مؤثّر بر فرآیند کارآفرینی مستقل در باشگاه‌های ورزشی خصوصی استان مازندران

##Vanessa, Ratten. , (2011), "Sport -based entrepreneurship: towards a new theory of entrepreneurship and sport management" International Entrepreneurship and management, 7 (1), pp. 57 -69. ## Duane, G. A. , (2000), "Management and organization", Ohio:South -western. ## Kuratko, D. & Hodgetts, R. , (1989), “Entrepreneurship: A contemporary approach”, 3^rd ed. , NY: The Dryden Press. Entrepreneurship and venture management, NJ: Prentice–Hall Inc. ## Kuratko, D. & Hodgetts, R. (2001), “Entrepreneurship approach”, New York, Delmer Publisher. ## Postigo, S. , (2002), “Entrepreneurship Education in Argentina: the case of San Anders University”, In Proceedings of the Conference Entitled the Internationalizing in Entrepreneurship Education and training, Malasya, July, pp. 8 -10. ## Shan, S. Locke, E. & Collin, C. , (2003), “Entrepreneurial motivation” Human resource management Review, Vol. 13, pp. 257 -279. ## Vanessa, Ratten. , (2010), "Developing a theory of sport -based entrepreneurship" Journal of Management & organization, 16 (4), pp. 667 ـ565. ## Klayman, B. , (2009), "Global sports market to hit $141 billion in 2012", Reuters, Retrieved June 5th, from: http://www. reuters. com/ article/newsOne/ idUSN17380752 20080618. ## Mick, Todd. D. & Linder, Michele. , (2005), "Collaborative teaching between entrepreneurship and sport marketing classes", Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 01- Jan, Online. ## Kirkwood, J. , (2007), “Igniting the entrepreneurial spirit: is the role parents play gendered?”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 39–59. ## Murray, H. A. , (1938), “Explorations in Personality: A Clinical and Experimental Study of Fifty Men of College”, New York: Harvard Psycological Clinic. ## Utsch, A. , & Rauch, A. , (2000), “Innovativeness and initiative as mediators between achievement orientation and venture performance” European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 9 (1), pp. 45–62. ## McClelland, D. c. , (1965), “The Achieving Society”, Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand. ## McClelland, D. C. , (1987), “Characteristics of successful entrepreneurs”, Journal of CreativeBehavior, Vol. 21, pp. 219–233. ## Hansemark, O. C. (1998), “The effects of an entrepreneurship programme on need for achievement and locus of control of reinforcement”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 28–50. ## Grote, G. F. & James, L. R. , (1991), “Testing behavioral consistency and coherence with the situation response measure of achievement motivation”, Multivariate Behav Res, (26), pp. 655–691. ## Atkinson, J. W. & Raynor, J. D. , (1974), "Motivation and achievement", Winston, Washington. ## Elenurm, Tiit et al, (2007), “Structure of Motivation and Entrepreneurial Orientation in Students as the Basis for Differentiated Approach in Developing Human Resources for Future Business Initiatives”, Estonian Business School, EBS Review, (13) pp. 62- 75. ## Gürol, Yonca and Atsan, Nuray. , (2006), “Entrepreneurial Characteristics among University Students and Training in Turkey”, Education and Training, Vol. 48, Issue. 1, pp. 25 -38. ## Tajeddini, Kayhan et al (2006) “Examining the Effect of Market Orientation on Innovativeness”, Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 22, No. 5 -6, pp. 529 -551. ## Cunningham, J. B. & Lischeron, J. , (1991), "Defining entrepreneurship", J Small Bus Manage, 29 (1), pp. 45–61. ## Ho, T. S. and Koh, H. C. , (1992), “Differences in psychological characteristics between entrepreneurially inclined accounting graduates in Singapore”, Entrepreneurship, Innovationand Change, (1), pp. 243–254. ## Morris, M. H. & Trotter, J. D. , (1990), “Institutionalizing entrepreneurship in a large company: a case study at AT&T. ”, Ind Mark Manage, 19 (2), pp. 131–139. ## Kliem, R. L. and Ludin, I. S. , (2000), “Reducing Project Risk”, Hampshire: Gower Publishing Company. ## Agarwal R, & Prasad, J. , (1998), "A conceptual and operational definition of personal innovativeness in the domain of information technology", Inf Syst Res, 9 (2), pp. 204–215. ## Buame, S. K. , (1996), "Entrepreneurship: A contextual perspective", Lund, Sweden: Lund University Press. ## Frese, M. , (2000), "Success and failure of micro business owners in Africa: A psychological approach", Westport, CT: Quorum Books. ## King, K. & McGrath, S. , (1999), “Enterprise in Africa: Between poverty and growth”, London: Intermediate Technology. ## Mead, D. C. & Leidholm, C. , (1998), “The dynamics of micro and small enterprises in developing countries”, World Development, 26 (1), pp. 61- 74. ## Trulsson, P. , (1997), “Strategic of entrepreneurship: Understanding industrial entrepreneurship and structural change in Northern Tanzania”, Linkoping, Sweden. ## Chadwick, Simon. & Gorse, Samantha. & Burton, Nicholas. , (2009), "Entrepreneurship in sport: How dietrich mateschitz built the red bull brand in a day", Centre for the International Business of Sport (CIBS), The CIBS Working Paper Series, No. 11. ## Reynolds, P. , Miller, B. , and Maki, W. , (1993), “Regional characteristics affecting business volatility in the United States 1980–4”, In C. Karlsson, B. Johannisson, and D. Storey, eds. , Small Business International, National and Regional Perspective Dynamics. London: Routledge. ## Banks, M. C. , (1991), "Location decisions of rural new ventures", In Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, MA: Babson College, pp. 363–377. ## Levie, J. , (1999), “Entrepreneurship: my thane Reality”, Science & Public Affairs, (17), pp. 24- 25.## Kiggundo, M. N. , (2002), “Entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship in Africa: What is known and what needs to be done”, Journl of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 7 (3), pp. 239 -258. ## Lerners, M. & Haber, S. , (2000), “Performance factors of small tourism ventures: The interface of tourism, entrepreneurship and the environment”, Journal of Business Venturing, (16), pp. 77 -100. ## Wagner, J. & Sternberg, R. , (2004), “Start -up activities, individual characteristics, and the regional milieu: Lessons for entrepreneurship support policies from German micro data”, The Annals of Regional Science, (38), pp. 219 -240.## Heinonen, J. , (2003), "Entrepreneurship in public sector organizations", Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice–Hall. ## Schneider, Merk. & Taste, Faul. & Mintrom, Micheal. , (1995), “Public Entrepreneurs”, Princeton University Press, pp. 30 -45. ## Jahanbakhsh, E. , (2003), "A simple guide of statistical tests application in scientific research using SPSS", Esfahan: Daneshpazhoohan Barin and Arkan Publishers. (In Persian)## Mierlo, J. G. A. Van. , (1996), "Public entrepreneurship as innovative management strategy in the public sector", Paper presented at the 65^th Annual Conference of the Southern Economic Association, USA. ## Wang, T. C. , Lin, Y. L. , (2009), “Accurately predicting the success of B2B e -commerce in small and medium enterprises’, Expert Systems with Applications, 36 (2), pp. 2750 -2758. ## Lee, H. & Kim, J. , (2007), “Determinants of success for application service provider: An empirical test in small businesses”, Int. J. Human -Computer Studies, (65), pp. 796–815. ## Pansiri, J. , (2008), “The effects of characteristics of partners on strategic alliance performance in the SME dominated travel sector”, Tourism Management, (29), pp. 101- 115. ## Maranto -Vargas, D. , Gómez -Tagle Rangel, R. , (2007), “Development of internal resources and capabilities as sources of differentiation of SME under increased global competition: A field study in Mexico”, Technological Forecasting & Social Change, (74), pp. 90–99. ## Sun, Y. T. , Yazdani, A. & Overend, J. D. , (2005), “Achievement assessment for enterprise resource planning (ERP) system implementations based on critical success factors (CSFs)”, Int. J. Production Economics, (98), pp. 189–203. ## Dickson, P. H. , Weaver, K. M. , Hoy, F. , (2006), "Opportunism in the R&D alliances of SMES: The roles of the institutional environment and SME size", Journal of Business Venturing, (21), pp. 487–513. ## Yapp, C. , Fairman, R. , (2006), “Factors affecting food safety compliance within small and medium -sized enterprises: implications for regulatory and enforcement strategies”, King - s Centre for Risk Management, King - s College London, Strand Bridge House, 138 -142 Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK. ## King, S. F. , Burgess T. F. , (2006), “Beyond critical success factors: A dynamic model of enterprise system innovation”, International Journal of Information Management, (26), pp. 59–69.## Sadler, R. J. , (200), “Corporate entrepreneurship in the public sector; The dance of the chameleon”, Australian Journal of Public Administration, 59 (2), pp. 25 -43. ## Morris, M. H. , (1999), "The form corporate entrepreneurship takes", EPI Update, No. 2. , Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice–Hall.## Fry, F. , (1993), “Entrepreneuship: A Planning Approach”, Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice–Hall. ## Timmons, J. , (1990), “New venture creation”, Boston: IRWIN, Homewood. ## Sohn, S. y. , Kim, H. S, Moon, T. H. , (2007), “Predicting the financial performance index of technology fund for SME using structural equation model”, Department of Information and Industrial Engineering, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon -dong, Seoul 120 -749, Republic of Korea. ## www. gemiran. ir, 2008. ## Asgharpoor. M. J. , (1998), "Multicriteria decisions making", Tehran: University of Tehran Publisher, p. 192, (In Persian)## Hult, G. M. T. & Ferrell, O. C. , (1997), “A global learning organization structure and market information processing”, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 40, pp. 155–166. ## Bazargan, A. & Hejazi, E. & Sarmad, Z. , (1998), "Research methods in behavioral sciences", Tehran: Agah Publishing Co. (In Persian)## Sarookhani, B. , (2003), “Research method in social sciences”, Tehran: Research Organization of Human Sciences & Cultural Studies. . (In Persian)## Parasuraman, A. , Zeithaml, V. A. , and Berry, L. L. , (1988), “SERVQUAL: A Multiple -Item Scale for Measuring Customer Perceptions of Service Quality”, Journal of Retailing, Vol Spring, pp. 12- 40. ## Hair, J. F. & Anderson, R. E. & Tatham, R. L. & Black, W. C. , (1998), “Multivariate data analysis”, Prentice Hall International Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ. ## Conca, F. J. et al, (2004), "Development of a measure to assess quality management in certified firms", European journal of operational research, (156), pp. 683-697. ## Cronbach, L. J. , (1951), "Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of test", Psychometrica, (16), pp. 297 -334. ## Churchill, G. A. J. , (1979), "A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs", Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 16, February, pp. 64–73. ## Peterson, R. A. , (1994), “A meta -analysis of cronbach,s coefficient alpha”, Journal of consumer research, (21), pp. 381- 391. ## Nunnally, J. C. , (1978), “Psychometric theory”, Second ed. , McGraw -Hill, New York. ## Van de ven, A. & Ferry, D. , (1979), “Measuring and assessing organizations”, John Wiley, New York. ## Hooman, H. , (2002), “Statistical inference in social sciences”, Tehran: Parsa Publishing Co. , pp. 409 -412. . (In Persian)## Joreskong, K. G. & Sorbom, D. , (1989), “LISREL 7: A Guide to the Program and Application”, 2^Ed, Chicago: SPSS Software. ##